Social Transformation And Statebuliding in 18th Century

Question 1

What are 3 characteristics of the triangle of trade?

Answer 1

Manufactured goods
Slaves
Raw materials

Question 2

What was the triangle of trade?

Answer 2

A system of interconnected trade routes

-quadrupled foreign trade in Britain and France

Question 3

What did the enormous wealth generated by the British and the French create?

Answer 3

It created pressure for social change

Question 4

What was the traditional manorial system like?

Answer 4

Landowning elite held estates divided into small plots of arable land farmed by peasants for local consumption
Also had commons where peasants grazed their livestock

Question 5

What was the traditional cycle of population and productivity?

Answer 5

Increase in # of ppl working in agri. Econ —> increase agri yield —> agri yield reaching max amount given land available
Then population would continue rising but then # of ppl > than agri yield —> food become scarce n expensive —> population decrease
When population below possible productivity process starts again

Question 6

What did they replace the manorial system with?

Answer 6

Market oriented approach

Cash crops grown for sale and export

Question 7

What developments combined to break the traditional cycle of population and productivity?

Answer 7

Agriculture became market oriented
Rural manufacturing spread capital ~ population
^ demand led to technical innovation

Question 9

Who are some agricultural improvers?

Answer 9

Jethro Toll
Charles Townsend
Robert Baker
Arthur Young

Question 11

What did Arthur Young do?

Answer 11

He helped spread information of the agricultural revolution

Question 12

What was the enclosure movement?

Answer 12

Landowners enclosed the commons so that peasants couldn’t use it

Question 12

What did Jethro Toll do?

Answer 12

Invents seed drills and iron plow

Which helps to grow more food

Question 12

What did Charles Townsend do?

Answer 12

Starts nitrogen enriching crops called fodder

Helps soil and food supply and livestock

Question 12

What did Robert Baker do?

Answer 12

Created animal husbandry (breeding and caring for farm animals)

Question 13

Why did the enclosure movement happen?

Answer 13

Bc cash crops created a demand for larger fields

Question 14

The cottage industry was also known as the …

Answer 14

Putting out system

Question 15

In the feudal system textile production had been under the control of ____________

Answer 15

Guilds

Question 16

How was membership in a guild achieved?

Answer 16

Through an apprenticeship (usually lengthy)

Question 17

What happened in the 18th century that caused merchants to find a way around the guild system?

Answer 17

An expanding demand for textiles

Question 18

What system was created as a result of an expanding demand for textiles?

Answer 18

The putting out system (cottage industry)

Question 19

What was a benefit of the cottage industry on rural families?

Answer 19

It provided the cash that could be used to buy food instead of growing it

Question 20

How does the putting out system work?

Answer 20

Merchant provides raw materials each month to peasants in the countryside
At end of the month merchant comes back and pays peasant for whatever thread or cloth they produced

Question 21

What are some technical innovations that increased the pace and output of the textile industry?

Answer 21

The flying shuttle 
Spinning Jenny
Cotton gin
Water frame 
Steam engine

Question 22

The Flying Shuttle (1733)

Answer 22

John Kay

It 2X speed at which cloth could be woven on a loom

Question 23

The Spinning Jenny (1760s)

Answer 23

James Hargreaves

Increased the amount of thread a single spinner could produce from cotton

Question 24

The Cotton Gin (1793)

Answer 24

Eli Whitney

Efficiently removed seed from raw cotton

Question 25

What happened as a result of Britain and France’s prosperity and power during this time?

Answer 25

Prussia and Russia try to strengthen and modernize their kingdoms

Question 26

Water Frame (1769)

Answer 26

Richard Arkwright

could produce stronger threads for yarns

Question 27

Steam Engine

Answer 27

Perfected by James Watt

No longer do factories have to be near water

Question 28

What were some impacts of the first industrial revolution?

Answer 28

An increase in the standard of living (esp lower classes)
Getting things will be much easier and cheaper
Negative aspect: pollution; upset the political structure

Question 29

When and where does the first industrial revolution start?

Answer 29

18th century

England

Question 30

Why does the first industrial revolution start in Great Britain?

Answer 30

1) center of fashion
2) had the best economy at the time
3) stable politics
4) social mobility
5) agricultural revolution

Question 31

What were some reasons why Great Britain had the best economy?

Answer 31

England had lots of coal
Largest free trade area in Europe
Good infrastructure

Question 32

What was the Diplomatic Revolution?

Answer 32

The mid 18th century shift in European alliances whereby the expansionist aims of Fredrick II of Prussia caused old enemies to become allies
Prussia forged alliance with Britain (1756)
Austria and France forged an alliance of their own too

Question 33

What was the Seven Years War? (1756-1763)

Answer 33

France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden &‘Spain

VSSS

Prussia, Great Britain, and German state of Hanover

Question 34

What happened as a result of the seven years war?

Answer 34

Great Britain emerged as the dominant European power outside of the European continent