Social Transformation And Statebuliding in 18th Century Flashcards
What are 3 characteristics of the triangle of trade?
Manufactured goods
Slaves
Raw materials
What was the triangle of trade?
A system of interconnected trade routes
-quadrupled foreign trade in Britain and France
What did the enormous wealth generated by the British and the French create?
It created pressure for social change
What was the traditional manorial system like?
Landowning elite held estates divided into small plots of arable land farmed by peasants for local consumption
Also had commons where peasants grazed their livestock
What was the traditional cycle of population and productivity?
Increase in # of ppl working in agri. Econ —> increase agri yield —> agri yield reaching max amount given land available
Then population would continue rising but then # of ppl > than agri yield —> food become scarce n expensive —> population decrease
When population below possible productivity process starts again
What did they replace the manorial system with?
Market oriented approach
Cash crops grown for sale and export
What developments combined to break the traditional cycle of population and productivity?
Agriculture became market oriented
Rural manufacturing spread capital ~ population
^ demand led to technical innovation
Who are some agricultural improvers?
Jethro Toll
Charles Townsend
Robert Baker
Arthur Young
What did Arthur Young do?
He helped spread information of the agricultural revolution
What was the enclosure movement?
Landowners enclosed the commons so that peasants couldn’t use it
What did Jethro Toll do?
Invents seed drills and iron plow
Which helps to grow more food
What did Charles Townsend do?
Starts nitrogen enriching crops called fodder
Helps soil and food supply and livestock
What did Robert Baker do?
Created animal husbandry (breeding and caring for farm animals)
Why did the enclosure movement happen?
Bc cash crops created a demand for larger fields
The cottage industry was also known as the …
Putting out system
In the feudal system textile production had been under the control of ____________
Guilds
How was membership in a guild achieved?
Through an apprenticeship (usually lengthy)
What happened in the 18th century that caused merchants to find a way around the guild system?
An expanding demand for textiles
What system was created as a result of an expanding demand for textiles?
The putting out system (cottage industry)
What was a benefit of the cottage industry on rural families?
It provided the cash that could be used to buy food instead of growing it
How does the putting out system work?
Merchant provides raw materials each month to peasants in the countryside
At end of the month merchant comes back and pays peasant for whatever thread or cloth they produced
What are some technical innovations that increased the pace and output of the textile industry?
The flying shuttle Spinning Jenny Cotton gin Water frame Steam engine
The Flying Shuttle (1733)
John Kay
It 2X speed at which cloth could be woven on a loom
The Spinning Jenny (1760s)
James Hargreaves
Increased the amount of thread a single spinner could produce from cotton
