The Scientific Revolution

Question 0

Who is Aristotle?

Answer 0

Aristotle believed that all planets and sun revolved around Earth.
^*Geocentric Theory.

Question 1

What is the scientific revolution?

Answer 1

Scientific Revolution is a new way of thinking about the world in the 1500s in Europe.

Question 3

Who is Nicholas Copernicus?

Answer 3

Nichols Copernicus believed that all planets revolved around the sun.
^*Heliocentric Theory.

Question 4

Who is Galileo Galilei?

Answer 4

Galileo Galilei published a book that supported Copernicus’s idea and angered the Catholic Church and made observations about the moon isn’t smooth and has craters.
*Church apologized to Galileo 20 years ago.

Question 5

Who is Johannes Kepler?

Answer 5

Johannes Kepler showed that the planets revolved around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.

Question 6

Who is Descartes?

Answer 6

Descartes believed everything should be doubted until proven by reason, relied on mathematics and logic for research, and famously said “I think, therefore I am”.

Question 7

Who is Frances Bacon?

Answer 7

Frances Bacon urged scientists to experiment and then draw their own conclusion. (Aka empiricism)

Question 8

Who is Jansen?

Answer 8

Jansen created the first microscope.

Question 9

Who is Issac Newton?

Answer 9

Issac Newton developed the theory of gravity.

^*Calculus.

Question 10

Who is Evangelista Torricelli?

Answer 10

Evangelista Torricelli (she) invented the barometer.

Question 11

Who is Robert Boyle?

Answer 11

Robert Boyle created modern chemistry.

Question 12

Who is Fahrenheit?

Answer 12

Fahrenheit created the mercury thermometer and the label “Fahrenheit” when telling temperature.

Question 13

Who is Celsius?

Answer 13

Celsius created another way to label the temperature.

Question 14

Who is Andreas Vesalius?

Answer 14

Andreas Vesalius dissected human corpses and published his observations in ‘On the Structure of the Human Body’.

Question 15

Who is Edward Jenner?

Answer 15

Edward Jenner developed a safer way to inoculate people against smallpox using cowpox.

Question 16

What is ‘The Enlightenment’?

Answer 16

The Enlightenment was a new intellectual movement around the mid-1700s that stressed reason (logic), thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.

Question 17

What did philosophers believe in?

Answer 17

A. Reason—
~Believed the truth could be discovered through logical thinking.
B. Nature—
~What was natural was good and reasonable.
C. Happiness—
~People could find happiness on earth instead of in Heaven.
D. Progress—
~Society and humans could improve themselves. (Freedom)

Question 18

Thomas Hobbes—

Answer 18

A. Believed that people were naturally selfish and wicked.
B. People needed to hand over the rights in exchange for law and order. (Known as the social contract)
C. Best governments was one that had an absolute monarch. *Hates people.

Question 19

John Locke—

Answer 19

A. People were born free and equal with life, liberty, and property.
B. Purpose of government is to protect people’s rights.
C. Ideas were foundation for (modern) democracy.

Question 20

Jean-Jacques Rousseau—

Answer 20

A. Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness.
B. Only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society. (direct democracy)
C. Wrote The Social Contract:
~Agreement among free individuals to create a society and government.
D. Everyone is equal and noble titles should be abolished.

Question 21

Baron de Montesquieu—

Answer 21

A. Separation of powers—
~Executive, legislature, judicial. (Government should be separated into different branches/department.)
B. Checks and Balances—
~Different government branches have power over each other to check each other. (So no one can become tyrannical.)

Question 22

Voltaire—

Answer 22

A. Freedom of Speech.

B. Freedom of Religion.

Question 23

Mary Woolstonecraft—

Answer 23

A. Wrote: A Vindication of the Rights of Women.

B. Women, like men, need to become virtuous.

Question 24

What happened in the Legacy of Enlightenment?

Answer 24

A. Inspired American, French, and other revolutionary movements.
B. Belief in progress and idea that people can solve social problems. (Like slavery.)
C. More secular (non-religious) view on the world: people began to question the church.
D. Rise of the Individualism: people should use their own reason in order to judge what was right or wrong.

Question 25

How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?

Answer 25

The Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment by having new ideas about math and science which led people to question everything, including politics and society. (Human Nature)

Question 26

Which philosopher is least likely to support the death penalty? Which philosopher is most likely to support the death penalty?

Answer 26

Beccaria would be the least likely to support death penalty because he was against capital punishment. (Death Penalty)
Hobbes would be the most likely to support death penalty because he believed that death penalty gives appropriate punishment for selfish & wicked people and he told people to hand over rights for law and order so people must accept consequences of law and order.

Question 27

Which philosopher would Peter the Great supported the most? Which TWO philosophers would he have disagreed with the most?

Answer 27

Peter the Great would support Hobbes the most because Hobbes believed in absolute monarchy.
Peter the Great would’ve disagreed with Locke because Locke believe in liberty and Peter believed in limiting rights of serfs. He would’ve also disagreed with Rousseau because Rousseau was against titles and Peter allowed to have titles.

Question 28

Name the THREE factors that led to the Scientific Revolution.

Answer 28

The three factors that led to the Scientific Revolution would be the Age of Exploration: new research in astronomy/navigation; new exploration in Asia, Africa, and Americas; and the printing press.

Question 29

What are the FOUR lasting legacies of the Enlightenment?

Answer 29

The four lasting legacies of the Enlightenment would be Progress, Rise of Individualism, Secularism, and American Revolutionary.

Question 30

Galileo was punished by the Catholic Church for supporting Copernicus’s theory of the universe. Explain what that theory said and why it angered the church.

Answer 30

Galileo supported the heliocentric theory (all planets revolve around the sun) which was developed by Copernicus. It angered the church because it went against church teachings and authority about other things.

Question 31

How did Rousseau and Hobbes’s idea of a “social contract” differ from one another?

Answer 31

Rousseau’s idea of “social contract” was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government. Hobbes’s idea of “social contract” was an exchange of rights for law and order. Rousseau’s idea differs from Hobbes’s because Rousseau’s meaning was to give person and someone to rule over you while Hobbes’s meaning was to have someone govern you.

Question 32

Explain the concept of Checks and Balances. Why did Montesquieu believe it was necessary?

Answer 32

Check and Balances is where different government branches govern each other so no one goes tyrannical. Montesquieu thought it was important because it would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government.