Global Transformations

Question 0

Growing Internal Problems: Taiping Rebellion

What happened by the 1850s?

Answer 0

Hong’s peasant army had taken control parts of Southeastern China.

Question 1

China and the West

Answer 1

1. China was self sufficient. China had little interest in trading with the West and only allowed foreigners to trade in southern part of Guangzhou but balance of trade was in China’s favor.
2. Europeans sold opium to the Chinese to make money and by 1835, 12 million Chinese were addicted to the drug.
3. Growing problem of opium led to the Opium War of 1839.
   a. Treaty of Nanjing: gave Britain the island of Hong Kong.
   b. Another treaty gave foreigners extraterritorial rights (foreigners don’t need to follow Chinese laws at certain ports).
   * China loses the Opium War.

Question 2

Growing Internal Problems: Taiping Rebellion

What happened during the Taiping Rebellion?

Answer 2

Hong Xiuquan recruited followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom”.

Question 3

Growing Internal Problems: Taiping Rebellion

What ended the Taiping government?

Answer 3

Qing, British and French troops and internal fighting ended the Taiping government.

Question 4

Growing Internal Problems: Taiping Rebellion

How many ppl died in the rebellion?

Answer 4

At least 20 million people died in the rebellion.

Question 6

Foreign Influence Grows: A Resistance to Change

Who is Dowager Empress Cixi?

Answer 6

Dowager Empress Cixi controlled China from 1862 to 1908 and was commuted to traditional values; she did support the self-strengthening movement with mixed results; (update China’s educational system, diplomatic service and military with factories that made more modern weapons).

Question 7

Foreign Influence Grows: A Resistance to Change

What did foreign powers gain?

Answer 7

Foreign powers gained spheres of influence (area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and investment) in China by taking advantage of China’s problems and attacking.
a. United States declared the Open Door Policy in China in 1899 which meant that China was to be open to trade by all nations (kept China from being colonized).

Question 8

An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism

What is the Boxer Rebellion?

Answer 8

Poor peasants and workers formed a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) and fought against foreign privilege, the Dowager Empress and Chinese Christians.

a. Boxers surrounded the European section of Beijing but the force was crushed by foreign troops.
b. Boxers lost the rebellion.

Question 9

How did Japan end its isolation?

Answer 9

Japan had shut down itself from almost all contact with other nations in 17th century and it continued until 1853 with the arrival of US Commodore Matthew Perry.
i. Perry took four ships into Tokyo and threatened Japan to force them to trade with America- Treaty of Kangawa (opened Japan to other foreign powers).

Question 10

Meiji Reform and Modernization

Why were the Japanese angry?

Answer 10

The Japanese were angry that the government gave in to foreigners’ demands and the Tokugawa shogun stepped out (military dictatorship that had lasted since the 12th century).

Question 11

Meiji Reform and Modernization

Who is Emperor Mutsuhito and what was his reign known as?

Answer 11

The Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito took control of the government and his reign became known as the Meiji era.

Question 12

Meiji Reform and Modernization

What did Japan do to modernize?

Answer 12

Japan began to modernize to oppose Western influence- sent diplomats to study Western ways and Japan adapted it to their own country. German government, modernized army and navy like German and Britain, American public education system.

Question 13

Meiji Reform and Modernization

What did Japan industrialize?

Answer 13

Japan industrialized: railroads, coal production, shipbuilding.

Question 14

What is imperial Japan?

Answer 14

Imperial Japan- modernization made Japan the strongest military in Asia by 1890 which made them nationalistic and imperialistic.

Question 15

Imperial Japan

What is the Sino-Japanese War?

Answer 15

China sent troops into Korea which led Japan to drive the Chinese out Korea, destroying the Chinese navy and gain territory in Manchuria (northern part of China that borders Korea and Russia).

Question 16

Imperial Japan: Sino-Japanese War

What lands did Japan gain?

Answer 16

Japan gained Taiwan and Pescadores Islands.

Question 17

Imperial Japan

What is the Russo-Japanese War?

Answer 17

Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria and Japan destroyed or captured most of Russia’s navy.

Question 18

Imperial Japan: Russo-Japanese War

What is the Treaty of Portamouth?

Answer 18

The Treaty of Portamouth forced Russia to stay out of Manchuria and Korea.

Question 19

Imperial Japan: Russo-Japanese War

What was affected when Asian power had defeated European power?

Answer 19

Asian power had defeated a European power which affected the idea that white were the superior to other races.

Question 20

Imperial Japan

When did Japan annex Korea?

Answer 20

Japan occupies and annexed Korea in 1910:

i. shut down Korean newspaper
ii. took over Korean schools: forced them to teach Japanese language and history
iii. took away land from Korean farmers and gave it to Japanese settlers

Question 21

Latin America after Independence

What happened to Latin America after political independence?

Answer 21

Most remained poor after political independence.

Question 22

Latin America after Independence

What happened to the workers in Latin America?

Answer 22

Most worked for large landowners and were paid with vouchers for the landowner’s supply stores.
i. wages were low, prices were high: trapped workers into debt peonage (workers trapped into servitude because of debt).

Question 23

Latin America after Independence

What happened by the mid 1800s?

Answer 23

By mid 1800s, almost all of the countries of Latin America were ruled by Caudillos (military dictators) who were supported by wealthy landowners.
i. few exceptions: Domingo Sarmiento in Argentina

Question 24

Economies Grow under Foreign Influence

What did economies depend on?

Answer 24

Economies depended on exports: railroads, steamship and refrigeration increased exports of beef, fruits, and vegetable.

Question 25

Economies Grow under Foreign Influence

How did foreign nations benefit more than Latin American countries?

Answer 25

Foreign nations benefited more than Latin American countries: Latin American imported European and American manufactured goods (little reason to develop their own manufacturing).

Question 26

Economies Grow under Foreign Influence

What did Latin America not do?

Answer 26

Latin America did not fund programs that would help them become self-sufficient.
i. borrowed and couldn’t pay back money from foreign countries to develop their export industries- foreign companies gained control of Latin American industries which began a new form of economic imperialism.

Question 27

A Latin American Empire: Monroe Doctrine

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

Answer 27

Monroe Doctrine: United States declared that Europeans could not colonize the Americas.
i. “ North and South America were ‘not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European power’ “

Question 28

A Latin American Empire: Cuban Independence

Why is Cuban Independence so important?

Answer 28

i. Cuba attempted to declare independence from Spain in late 1800s.
ii. United States became more involved because they developed business holdings in Cuba and the Spanish had put many Cubans into concentration camps.

Question 29

A Latin American Empire: Spanish-American War

What was the result of the Spanish-American War?

Answer 29

Spanish-American War: United States won Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, and Cuba became independent.
i. United States installed a military dictatorship and controlled Cuban affairs.

Question 30

A Latin American Empire: Panama Canal

How much did America offer to pay Columbia to build a canal across the Panama?

Answer 30

America offered to pay Columbia $10 million to build a canal across Panama (narrow section of Central America) but demanded more money.

Question 31

A Latin American Empire: Panama Canal

What happened after America encouraged a revolution in Panama against Columbia?

Answer 31

America encouraged a revolution in Panama against Columbia and when Panama won their independence with United States help, they gave them a 10 mile zone to build a canal.

Question 32

A Latin American Empire: Panama Canal

What happened when United States controlled the canal?

Answer 32

United States gained control of the canal and made money by charging tolls to others for using the canal.

Question 33

A Latin American Empire: Roosevelt Corollary

What is the Roosevelt Corollary?

Answer 33

America claimed the right to be “an international police power” in North and South America.
i. used to justify American intervention in Latin America in the following years

Question 34

Santa Anna and the Mexican War

Who is Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and what did he do?

Answer 34

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna dominated early 19th century political life in Mexico:

i. fought against Spain for independence
ii. became Mexico’s president
iii. led Mexican army in fight against Texas and the United States.
iv. argument over Mexico led to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Question 35

Santa Anna and the Mexican War

What is the Treaty of Guadalupe?

Answer 35

Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo: United States won and gained Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah.

Question 36

Juarez and La Reforma

Who is Benito Juarez?

Answer 36

Benito Juarez was a liberal reformer who started a movement called La Reforma: wanted to redistribute land, separate church and state and increase educational opportunities for the poor.
i. conservative: upper class Mexicans launched a rebellion against liberal government

Question 37

Juarez and La Reforma

What did the French try to do in 1862?

Answer 37

French invaded Mexico in 1862 in an attempt to reconquer Mexico and Austrian Archduke Maximilian ruled Mexico as an emperor but Mexico fought back and he was eventually executed.

Question 38

Juarez and La Reforma

What happened when Juarez became president again?

Answer 38

Juarez became president again and began rebuilding country: promoted trade with foreign countries, open new roads, built railroads, establish telegraph service, set up national education system.

Question 39

Porfirio Diaz and “Order and Progress”

Who seized power with support of the military?

Answer 39

Another Caudillo who sized power with the support of military, Indians and small landowners who thought he would look for more to reform.

i. made election meaningless: offered land, power or political favors to anyone who supported him
ii. dictators ensured there was order in Mexico (railroads expand, banks built, foreign investment grew) but poor continued to be poorer.

Question 40

Revolution and Civil War: People Began to Oppose Diaz

Who begins the revolution?

Answer 40

Madero begins the revolution:

i. Madero tried to run but Diaz arrested and exiled him and called an armed revolution against Diaz.
ii. “Pancho” Villa became popular in North: took money from rich and gave to poor. (General in North Mexico)
iii. Emiliano Zapata in South: wanted “Tierra y Libertad” (land and liberty): land given to peasants and small farmers and law to protect them. (General in South Mexico)

Question 41

Revolution and Civil War: People Began to Oppose Diaz
b. Mexican Struggle for Power

Who became president and how was he kicked off?

Answer 41

Madero became present but people did not like his policies and Gen Victoriano Huerta took over.

i. Huerta was unpopular and Villa and Zapata allied themselves with Venustiano Carranza to overthrow Huerta.
ii. Carranza gained power and turned on his allies- trapped Zapata and killed him.

Question 42

Revolution and Civil War: People Began to Oppose Diaz
c. New Mexico Constitution

When did the New Mexico Constitution happen?

Answer 42

The New Mexico Constitution happened in 1917.

i. land: breakup of large estates, restrictions on foreign ownership of land, government control of resources
ii. religion: state took over land owned by the Catholic Church
iii. labor: minimum wage for workers, right to strike
iv. social issues: equal pay for equal work, some legal rights for women (spend money and begins lawsuits)

Question 43

Revolution and Civil War: People Began to Oppose Diaz
c. New Mexico Constitution

Why was Carannza overthrown?

Answer 43

Carannza overthrown for not supporting the constitution and the Institutional Revolution Party (PRI) seized power until the 1990s.