Global Transformations Flashcards
i. China Resists Outside Dynasty ii. Japan Modernizes iii. U.S. Economic Imperialism iv. Turmoil and Change in Mexico
Growing Internal Problems: Taiping Rebellion
What happened by the 1850s?
Hong’s peasant army had taken control parts of Southeastern China.
China and the West
- China was self sufficient. China had little interest in trading with the West and only allowed foreigners to trade in southern part of Guangzhou but balance of trade was in China’s favor.
- Europeans sold opium to the Chinese to make money and by 1835, 12 million Chinese were addicted to the drug.
- Growing problem of opium led to the Opium War of 1839.
a. Treaty of Nanjing: gave Britain the island of Hong Kong.
b. Another treaty gave foreigners extraterritorial rights (foreigners don’t need to follow Chinese laws at certain ports).
* China loses the Opium War.
Growing Internal Problems: Taiping Rebellion
What happened during the Taiping Rebellion?
Hong Xiuquan recruited followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom”.
Growing Internal Problems: Taiping Rebellion
What ended the Taiping government?
Qing, British and French troops and internal fighting ended the Taiping government.
Growing Internal Problems: Taiping Rebellion
How many ppl died in the rebellion?
At least 20 million people died in the rebellion.
Foreign Influence Grows: A Resistance to Change
Who is Dowager Empress Cixi?
Dowager Empress Cixi controlled China from 1862 to 1908 and was commuted to traditional values; she did support the self-strengthening movement with mixed results; (update China’s educational system, diplomatic service and military with factories that made more modern weapons).
Foreign Influence Grows: A Resistance to Change
What did foreign powers gain?
Foreign powers gained spheres of influence (area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and investment) in China by taking advantage of China’s problems and attacking.
a. United States declared the Open Door Policy in China in 1899 which meant that China was to be open to trade by all nations (kept China from being colonized).
An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
What is the Boxer Rebellion?
Poor peasants and workers formed a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) and fought against foreign privilege, the Dowager Empress and Chinese Christians.
a. Boxers surrounded the European section of Beijing but the force was crushed by foreign troops.
b. Boxers lost the rebellion.
How did Japan end its isolation?
Japan had shut down itself from almost all contact with other nations in 17th century and it continued until 1853 with the arrival of US Commodore Matthew Perry.
i. Perry took four ships into Tokyo and threatened Japan to force them to trade with America- Treaty of Kangawa (opened Japan to other foreign powers).
Meiji Reform and Modernization
Why were the Japanese angry?
The Japanese were angry that the government gave in to foreigners’ demands and the Tokugawa shogun stepped out (military dictatorship that had lasted since the 12th century).
Meiji Reform and Modernization
Who is Emperor Mutsuhito and what was his reign known as?
The Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito took control of the government and his reign became known as the Meiji era.
Meiji Reform and Modernization
What did Japan do to modernize?
Japan began to modernize to oppose Western influence- sent diplomats to study Western ways and Japan adapted it to their own country. German government, modernized army and navy like German and Britain, American public education system.
Meiji Reform and Modernization
What did Japan industrialize?
Japan industrialized: railroads, coal production, shipbuilding.
What is imperial Japan?
Imperial Japan- modernization made Japan the strongest military in Asia by 1890 which made them nationalistic and imperialistic.
Imperial Japan
What is the Sino-Japanese War?
China sent troops into Korea which led Japan to drive the Chinese out Korea, destroying the Chinese navy and gain territory in Manchuria (northern part of China that borders Korea and Russia).
Imperial Japan: Sino-Japanese War
What lands did Japan gain?
Japan gained Taiwan and Pescadores Islands.
Imperial Japan
What is the Russo-Japanese War?
Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria and Japan destroyed or captured most of Russia’s navy.
Imperial Japan: Russo-Japanese War
What is the Treaty of Portamouth?
The Treaty of Portamouth forced Russia to stay out of Manchuria and Korea.
Imperial Japan: Russo-Japanese War
What was affected when Asian power had defeated European power?
Asian power had defeated a European power which affected the idea that white were the superior to other races.
Imperial Japan
When did Japan annex Korea?
Japan occupies and annexed Korea in 1910:
i. shut down Korean newspaper
ii. took over Korean schools: forced them to teach Japanese language and history
iii. took away land from Korean farmers and gave it to Japanese settlers
Latin America after Independence
What happened to Latin America after political independence?
Most remained poor after political independence.
Latin America after Independence
What happened to the workers in Latin America?
Most worked for large landowners and were paid with vouchers for the landowner’s supply stores.
i. wages were low, prices were high: trapped workers into debt peonage (workers trapped into servitude because of debt).
Latin America after Independence
What happened by the mid 1800s?
By mid 1800s, almost all of the countries of Latin America were ruled by Caudillos (military dictators) who were supported by wealthy landowners.
i. few exceptions: Domingo Sarmiento in Argentina
Economies Grow under Foreign Influence
What did economies depend on?
Economies depended on exports: railroads, steamship and refrigeration increased exports of beef, fruits, and vegetable.
Economies Grow under Foreign Influence
How did foreign nations benefit more than Latin American countries?
Foreign nations benefited more than Latin American countries: Latin American imported European and American manufactured goods (little reason to develop their own manufacturing).
Economies Grow under Foreign Influence
What did Latin America not do?
Latin America did not fund programs that would help them become self-sufficient.
i. borrowed and couldn’t pay back money from foreign countries to develop their export industries- foreign companies gained control of Latin American industries which began a new form of economic imperialism.
A Latin American Empire: Monroe Doctrine
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
Monroe Doctrine: United States declared that Europeans could not colonize the Americas.
i. “ North and South America were ‘not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European power’ “
A Latin American Empire: Cuban Independence
Why is Cuban Independence so important?
i. Cuba attempted to declare independence from Spain in late 1800s.
ii. United States became more involved because they developed business holdings in Cuba and the Spanish had put many Cubans into concentration camps.
A Latin American Empire: Spanish-American War
What was the result of the Spanish-American War?
Spanish-American War: United States won Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, and Cuba became independent.
i. United States installed a military dictatorship and controlled Cuban affairs.
A Latin American Empire: Panama Canal
How much did America offer to pay Columbia to build a canal across the Panama?
America offered to pay Columbia $10 million to build a canal across Panama (narrow section of Central America) but demanded more money.
A Latin American Empire: Panama Canal
What happened after America encouraged a revolution in Panama against Columbia?
America encouraged a revolution in Panama against Columbia and when Panama won their independence with United States help, they gave them a 10 mile zone to build a canal.
A Latin American Empire: Panama Canal
What happened when United States controlled the canal?
United States gained control of the canal and made money by charging tolls to others for using the canal.
A Latin American Empire: Roosevelt Corollary
What is the Roosevelt Corollary?
America claimed the right to be “an international police power” in North and South America.
i. used to justify American intervention in Latin America in the following years
Santa Anna and the Mexican War
Who is Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and what did he do?
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna dominated early 19th century political life in Mexico:
i. fought against Spain for independence
ii. became Mexico’s president
iii. led Mexican army in fight against Texas and the United States.
iv. argument over Mexico led to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
Santa Anna and the Mexican War
What is the Treaty of Guadalupe?
Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo: United States won and gained Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah.
Juarez and La Reforma
Who is Benito Juarez?
Benito Juarez was a liberal reformer who started a movement called La Reforma: wanted to redistribute land, separate church and state and increase educational opportunities for the poor. i. conservative: upper class Mexicans launched a rebellion against liberal government
Juarez and La Reforma
What did the French try to do in 1862?
French invaded Mexico in 1862 in an attempt to reconquer Mexico and Austrian Archduke Maximilian ruled Mexico as an emperor but Mexico fought back and he was eventually executed.
Juarez and La Reforma
What happened when Juarez became president again?
Juarez became president again and began rebuilding country: promoted trade with foreign countries, open new roads, built railroads, establish telegraph service, set up national education system.
Porfirio Diaz and “Order and Progress”
Who seized power with support of the military?
Another Caudillo who sized power with the support of military, Indians and small landowners who thought he would look for more to reform.
i. made election meaningless: offered land, power or political favors to anyone who supported him
ii. dictators ensured there was order in Mexico (railroads expand, banks built, foreign investment grew) but poor continued to be poorer.
Revolution and Civil War: People Began to Oppose Diaz
Who begins the revolution?
Madero begins the revolution:
i. Madero tried to run but Diaz arrested and exiled him and called an armed revolution against Diaz.
ii. “Pancho” Villa became popular in North: took money from rich and gave to poor. (General in North Mexico)
iii. Emiliano Zapata in South: wanted “Tierra y Libertad” (land and liberty): land given to peasants and small farmers and law to protect them. (General in South Mexico)
Revolution and Civil War: People Began to Oppose Diaz
b. Mexican Struggle for Power
Who became president and how was he kicked off?
Madero became present but people did not like his policies and Gen Victoriano Huerta took over.
i. Huerta was unpopular and Villa and Zapata allied themselves with Venustiano Carranza to overthrow Huerta.
ii. Carranza gained power and turned on his allies- trapped Zapata and killed him.
Revolution and Civil War: People Began to Oppose Diaz
c. New Mexico Constitution
When did the New Mexico Constitution happen?
The New Mexico Constitution happened in 1917.
i. land: breakup of large estates, restrictions on foreign ownership of land, government control of resources
ii. religion: state took over land owned by the Catholic Church
iii. labor: minimum wage for workers, right to strike
iv. social issues: equal pay for equal work, some legal rights for women (spend money and begins lawsuits)
Revolution and Civil War: People Began to Oppose Diaz
c. New Mexico Constitution
Why was Carannza overthrown?
Carannza overthrown for not supporting the constitution and the Institutional Revolution Party (PRI) seized power until the 1990s.
