Absolute Monarchy

Question 1

What is an absolute monarch?

Answer 1

An absolute monarch is a king or queen who held all the power in their country.

Question 2

What is the idea of Divine Right?

Answer 2

Divine Right is when absolute monarchs believed their power came from God. The monarch was God’s representative on Earth and he/she answered only to god.

Question 3

Limited Democracy Develops in England: Reforms in Medieval England; Who is King Henry II?

Answer 3

King Henry II (r. 1154-1189)
A. One of his greatest achievements was the development of JURY TRIAL.
B. England gradually became unified under COMMON LAW: laws that reflects customs and principles established over time and common to the whole kingdom (vs. the will of a single ruler).
•basis of legal system in the United States.

Question 4

Magna Carta (Great Charter): What did King John had to do with the Magna Carta?

Answer 4

King John was forced to sign the treaty in 1215 by angry nobles (he had fought and lost costly war with France — lost land and King John tried to raise taxes).

Question 5

What is a Parliament?

Answer 5

A parliament is a legislature, group of people who come together to discuss and create law.

Question 6

What is the Magna Carta (Great Charter)?

Answer 6

The Magna Carta is a contract between king and nobles that limited the king’s power (all, even the king, had to obey the law)
-laws shall only be levied with “common consent”.
-everyone had the right to “due process of law” (right to jury trial and the protection of law)
~kings could no longer randomly punish his subjects.

Question 7

When was the First Model Parliament made? Who made the First Model Parliament? Why did he make the First Model Parliament?

Answer 7

King Edward creates the first parliament to raise money to war with France in 1295.

Question 8

Who was the King of England in 1603 and why did he have problems?

Answer 8

James the first of Scotland becomes King of England in 1603 and had problems because:

• he wanted absolute power and made Parliament angry.
• argued with parliament over money.
• made Puritans (purify the Anglican Church) angry because he did not enact Puritan reforms.
• did not understand English customs.

Question 9

How did James I get the throne of England?

Answer 9

James I got the throne of England because Queen Elizabeth did not have a heir because she was never married so she passed it on to her nephew. (?)

Question 10

Who came after James I?

Answer 10

Charles the First came after James the First because he is James the First’s son.

Question 11

What did Charles the First do when he received the throne?

Answer 11

Charles the First (Son of James I):

• he always needed money because he was constantly fighting wars and when Parliament refused to give him money, he disbanded it.
• to raise money, he made the British people pay fees and fines — it made him unpopular.
• offended Puritans by trying to enforced the Anglican Church.

Question 12

When did the English Civil War start and ended? Who was the war between?

Answer 12

The English Civil War began in 1642 and ended in 1649. The war was between Royalists (people that were loyal to Charles I) and Roundheads (Puritans).

Question 13

Did the Royalist or Roundheads win the English Civil War?

Answer 13

The Roundheads win with the help of OLIVER CROMWELL.

Question 14

What did Cromwell and the Puritans do to Charles I?

Answer 14

Cromwell and the Puritans brought Charles I to trial for treason (disloyalty to the country) and beheaded him.

Question 15

What happens to the monarchy in England after Charles I was beheaded?

Answer 15

After Charles I was beheaded, the monarchy in England was abolished and Cromwell becomes the LEADER of England from 1649 to 1658 and abolishes the monarchy.

• he established a COMMON WEALTH (government for the common good) but became a military dictator.
• made laws that promoted Puritan morality and abolished (GOT RID OFF) activities they found sinful. (EXAMPLE: theater, sporting events, dancing)

Question 16

What happened after Cromwell died?

Answer 16

After Cromwell died, Parliament voted to “restore” Charles I’s son, CHARLES II to the throne.

Question 17

What did Charles II realize?

Answer 17

Charles II realized that he could not make the same mistake his father made and worked with Parliament.

Question 18

What did the Parliament passed?

Answer 18

The Parliament passed HABEAS CORPUS: every prisoner had the right to know the charges against him.
-kings could no longer put someone in jail for opposing them, people could no longer be held indefinitely (forever) without a trail.

Question 19

What happened in the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION?

Answer 19

A. After Charles II died, his brother JAMES II became king.
B. King James II was a CATHOLIC, appointed Catholic to important offices.
-when King James II had a son, the English people became afraid that all the future kings will the Catholic.
C. Parliament asked King James II’s daughter, MARY and her husband, WILLIAM OF ORANGE to be queen and king (they were Protestant).
D. King James II fled to France and the peaceful transfer of power to William and Mary of Orange is known as the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION.
E. As William and Mary got their power from Parliament, they promised to recognize Parliament as their partner in governing.
-England became a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY: still had a king, but Parliament made all the laws and limited the ruler’s powers with the Bill of Rights (document that stated what the government could and could not do).

Question 20

Who is Phillip II? — Presentation

Answer 20

Phillip II (mid to late 1500s) —

a. countries he ruled — Netherlands, Italy, parts of Germany, Portugal, Latin America, Spain*.
b. sent someone (duke of Alva) to kill 20,000 people.
c. William the Silent was sent to administer the territories.
d. Foreign things he did was invading England.
e. Had 3 wives and 1 son.
f. Country was weaker after he died because ships were set on fire.

Question 21

Who is Philip II? — Lecture

Answer 21

Phillip II (1556-1598) —

a. Married to Bloody Mary (cousin) s Golden Age (high point of culture and art)
- All the gold eventually caused inflation.
e. Built El Escorial (very religious and had a monastery)
f. Lost England after Mary dies.
g. Sends army to attack England when Elizabeth ruled (Never gets England back).
h. Fights too much and lost too much. (Bad)
i. Read every single thing; Spanish empire was slow. (One way he was absolute) [Bad]
j. Spanish Golden Age and held the Spanish Colonial Empire and had a nice empire. (Good)

Question 22

Who is Louis XIV? — Lecture

Answer 22

Louis XIV (1643-1715) —
a. Received throne when he was four.
b. Ruled for 72 years.
c. The Fronde — Nobility and Parliament of Paris started a rebellion; Louis fled Paris until his forces defeated them. (The Fronde happened when Louis was eight years old.)
d. Significance of the Fronde — traumatized at 8 years old, changed how he ruled.
e. No government decisions without king’s consent. (No Prime Minsters).
f. Nobility barred from king’s inner council.
g. He took control of the budget and in the beginning of his reign he reduced taxes.
h. Supported theater, fashion, and art.
i. Palace of Versallies — cost 2.5 billion dollars.
j. Nobles forced to live at Versailles.
l. Hall of Mirrors found inside the Palace of Versaillies.
m. Edict of Nantes — law that gave Protestants the right to worship in mostly Catholic France.
~Louis XIV revoked it —
i. Churches destroyed.
ii. Soldiers tortured and murdered Protestants.
iii. Execution.
iv. 300,000 fled to France — hurt France’s economy.

Question 23

Who is Louis XIV? — Presentation

Answer 23

Louis XIV (mid 1600s to early 1700s) —

a. Ruled over France and parts of Spain.
b. Married Maria of Spain.
c. Cultivated fashion, art, theater. [GOOD]
d. Often referred to as ‘The Sun King’.
e. Weak in political power. [BAD]
f. Strong and weak empire.
g. 300 protestants left. [Weak]
h. Strong Military [Strong]

Question 24

Who is Catherine the Great? — Presentation

Answer 24

Catherine the Great —

a. Ruled over Prussia.
b. Significance within Russia.
c. Helped Russia gain land.
d. Improved education and medical projects.
e. Forced labor for projects.
f. Stronger, because she gained more land.

Question 25

Who is Peter the Great? — Presentation/Lecture

Answer 25

Peter the Great (1682-1725) —
Czar of Russia — “Czar means king in Russian”
a. Ruled over Russia.
b. Domestic Accomplishments —
-opened elementary school
-used western architecture
-expanded navy and army
-built new capital, St. Petersburg
c. Foreign Accomplishments —
-took over parts of Sweden and Finland
-formed industries
d. Stronger because he expanded Russia, encouraged education, made Russia rich.
e. Good things — army, navy
f. Bad things — lost money, tortured his own son to death.
g. Expanded Russia.
h. Added territory for the Russian empire.
i. Jealous of Europe.
j. Tour of Europe convinced him that Russia needed to be “modernized” and be more like Europe.
-promoted European clothing.
-forced nobles to shave their beards. (taxed those who didn’t)
-imported European experts and sent Russians to be educated.
k. Modernized and enlarged Russian army.
l. began coining gold and silver coins. (copied England)
m. New Factories — weapons, irons, consumer products.
n. Elementary school system.
o. Capital — St. Petersburg
p. Name of his castle: Peterhoff.

Question 26

Who is Frederick the Great? — Presentation/Lecture

Answer 26

Frederick the Great — MILITARY
a. Ruled Russia and Europe.
b. Good: doubled the size of Russian army.
c. Abolished torture.
d. Wanted to ban fun things but didn’t cause people would hate him.
e. Stronger because their army was two times stronger.
*Prussia is modern Germany.
Germany = 1500s.
f. Enlightened:
-wrote music, studied works of philosophers.
-increased agriculture production (Columbian Exchange).
-abolished torture.
-tripled Prussia’s revenue -> more money.
g. All about military:
doubled the size of the army.
h. Despot:
-did not help peasants and serfs.
-heavy taxes.
i. Palace — San Soucci.

Question 27

Who is Catherine the Great? — Lecture

Answer 27

Catherine the Great —
a. She is a German princess.
b. Catherine the Great and her husband, Peter III.
c. Enlightened Despot:
Enlightened — well-informed
Despot — tyrant
d. Enlightened: created the Nakaz (liberal code of laws: everyone is equal before the law, abolished torture, freedom of religion) but commission did not approve of it.
-created more schools.
-massive building campaign throughout Russia.
e. Despots:
~added territory to Russia by fighting war with Ottoman empire and divide up Poland.
~expanded serfdom
~crushed rebellion by serfs led by Emelyan Pugaehau.
~Imposed serfdom where it had not existed before.
~Used labor on her projects.

Question 28

Who decreased the power of the nobles?

Answer 28

Louis XIV — built Versailles to keep nobles inside.

Maria Theresa — increased the power of peasants.

Question 29

Who is Maria Theresa? — Lecture

Answer 29

Maria Theresa (r. 1740-1780) —
a. Ruled Russia, Bohenia, Hungary, and the Holy Roman Empire. RULED AUSTRIA
b. War of Austrian Succession:
-her father got the major European powers to sign the Pragmatic Sanetion which allowed her to rule his territories.
~pragmatic = practical
~sanction = something that gives permission
-after his death, Frederick the Great attacked her and started the War of Austrian Succession. (she won and was able to reign)
c. Two Children —
16 children including Joseph II, Maria Antionette (marries Louis XVI - 16th).
~uses marriage to build alliances.
d. Centralized and unified her government.
e. Began compulsory (mandatory) primary education problems.
f. Reduced power of Catholic Chruch (reduced practices and holidays) — but stressed religious unity and was intolerant of Jews.
g. Restrained power of nobles.
h. Created a standing army.
i. Build a Schoenbrunn Palace.

Question 30

Who forced nobles to live with them?

Answer 30

Louis XIV — live in Versailles to spy on them.

Peter the Great — made them live in St. Petersburg.

Question 31

Who increased the power of nobles?

Answer 31

Catherine the Great — Pugacher led them to serfdom.

Frederick the Great — he didn’t want to anger the nobles because he wanted them to support legislature.

Question 32

Who stole their power from husband?

Answer 32

Catherine the Great.

Question 33

Who had freedom of religion and freedom of the press.

Answer 33

Frederick the Great — worship whatever but pay a lot cash.

Question 34

Who made life easier for serfs?

Answer 34

Maria Theresa — gave more rights.

Question 35

After they died, their countries were weak. Who is the “they”?

Answer 35

Philip II — wasted money on war and sent a lot of them to war.
Louis XIV — made his country be in debt.

Question 36

Who made life difficult for serfs?

Answer 36

Everyone except Maria Theresa.

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aka
Frederick the Great.
Philip II.
Catherine the Great.
Louis XIV.
Peter the Great.
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