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Introduction to Psychology (redone) > The science of psychology > Flashcards

The science of psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

the study of mental activity and behaviour

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2
Q

behaviour

A

the observable actions of people

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3
Q

CNS (central nervous system)

A

consists of the spinal cord and the brain

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4
Q

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

A

consists of all other nerve cells in the body

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system (PNS)

A

responsible for voluntary behaviour

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system (PNS)

A

responsible for involuntary actions such as heartbeat

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7
Q

neuron

A

the basic unit of the nervous system, they recieve and transport information in the nervous system

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8
Q

how do neurons work

A

neurons are driven by electrical impulses and communicate through chemical signals.

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9
Q

recieving phase (neuron)

A

neurons recieve and absorb chemical signals form other neurons

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10
Q

integration (neuron)

A

the signals are evaluated

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11
Q

transmission (neuron)

A

the neuron sends out their own chemical signal to other neurons

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12
Q

sensory neurons

A

recieve signals from the physical world and transmit this information ot the brain via the spinal cord

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13
Q

somatosensory nerves

A

recieve information from the skin and muscles

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14
Q

motor neurons

A

send a signal from the brain to the muscle to contract or relax

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15
Q

reflexes

A

the automatic motor response that occur while thinking

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16
Q

what is the structure of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, terminal buds

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17
Q

what happens in each part of the neuron structure

A

dendrites; signals are absorbed from surrounding neurons
cell body; the information from the dendrites is collected and intergrated
axon; after the information is processed, electrical impulses are sent from the cell body to the terminal buds through the axon
terminal bud; will send the information to the next surrounding neurons

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18
Q

synapse

A

space between neurons where chemical communtication takes place

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19
Q

action potentional

A

the electical signal that goes through the axon

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20
Q

resting potential

A

when the membrane of the neuron is stable, there will be more negatively chraged ions on the inside of the cell than on the out side, meaning the neuron is inactive and polarised (-70 millivolts)

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21
Q

the two ions within the neuron

A

sodium and potassium

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22
Q

exitatory (stimulus) signals

A

depolarise the cell memebrane, reducing negative charges in the cell, meaning the neruon will fire

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23
Q

inhibitory signals

A

polarise the cell membrane, increasing the negative charges in the memebrane, making it not fire

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24
Q

threshold value

A

when exitatory signals and inhibitory signals enter the neuron and exceed -55 mV the neruon will fire, action potential will happen

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25
Q

what happens with in the neuron when it fires

A

sodium channels open and sodium flow into the neruon,
potassium channels open and potassium flows out of the neuron,
the neruon is then more positively charged inside then out (+40mV),
sodium channels close, the neuron repolarizes, potassium channels close,
neuron eventually regains original negative resting potential

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26
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty substance made up of glial cells covering the axon, accelorating the transmission of electircal signals.

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27
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron sending the signal

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28
Q

post synaptic neuron

A

recieves the signal

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29
Q

neurontransmitters

A

chemicals made in the axon and stored in viscles

30
Q

the three ways of ending the influence of a neurotransmitter

A

reuptake; cycle of release and reuptake by the presynaptic neuron
enzyme deactiviation; an enzyme destroyes the neurotransmitter in the synapse
autoreceptors; autoreceptors on the prsynaptic neruon contril the amount of neurotransmitter in the synapse, signaling it when to stop releasing neurotransmitters.

31
Q

agonists

A

substances that enhance action of the neurotransmitter

32
Q

antagonists

A

substance that inhibits the action of neurotransmitters

33
Q

7 types of neurotransmitters and their action

A

acetylcholine; motor control netween nerves and muscles, btotox surpresses it
noradrenaline; excitement, attention and alertness
serotonine; emtional states, impulse control and dreams , low levels cause sadness and anxious moods
dopamine; helps direct behaviour towards rewards, low levels impare movement (parkinson)
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid); primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, low levels can lead to seizures
gulamate; primary excitatory neurotransmitter, important for learning by strengthening synaptic connections, too high levels can cause epileptic seizures
endorphines; pain relief and reward

34
Q

electrophysiology

A

data collection method that measures electric activity in the brain

35
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

electrodes on the head that pick ip electric activity in the brain,alot of noise in the data

36
Q

what do brain image techniques do?

A

measure changes inthe amount and rate of blood flow within the brain, being able to see what parts of the brain are active

37
Q

spinal column

A

goes from the vertebrae to the base of the skull, it coordinates reflexes, trasnport sensory information tot he brain and transports motor signals

38
Q

brain stem

A

consists of the medulla, the pons and the midbrain, which control the basic functions of survival, such as heart beat and breathing

39
Q

cerebellum

A

connected to the back of the brainstem, important for motor learning and motor memory, damage can cause balnce problems. helps keeping eyes focused when head and body move

40
Q

forebrain

A

consists of the left and right hemisphere, top of the brain

41
Q

what are the 5 subcortical areas

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia

42
Q

thalamus

A

almost all sensory information (excpet smell) goes through here before being sent to the relevant regions of the cerebral cortex

43
Q

hypothalamus

A

necessary for survival and basic needs such as eating and drinking

44
Q

hippocampus

A

important for forming new memories

45
Q

basal ganglia

A

responsible for planning and executing movements, receives information from the whole cerebral cortes and send it back to the motor planning area of the brain.

46
Q

amygdala

A

involved in learning biologically relevant stimuli that are imprtant for survival, responds to stimuli that evoke fear, evaluates facial expressions, enhances memeories when emotions are strong.

47
Q

(cerebral) cortex

A

the outermost layer of the forebrain, large, thin, wrinkled layer of fibers under the skull. some wrinkles are deep groves that devides the brain into sections

48
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the hemispheres of the brain and allows information to flow between them

49
Q

the four lobes

A

occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

50
Q

oppicital lobe

A

located at the back of the head, processes visual information, primary cortex organises visual information and secondary visual cortex processes atributes such as colors.

51
Q

parietal lobe

A

contains the nerves that recieve information from the skin. the left temopral lobe recieves sensory information from the right half of the body and the right temporal lobe recieves sensory information from the left side of the body.

52
Q

temporal lobe

A

responsible for hearing

53
Q

frontal lobe

A

responsible for planning and moving.

54
Q

split brain

A

the corpus callosum was split to prevent epileptic seizures

55
Q

left hemisphere (brain)

A

responsible for language, because the left frontal lobe contains brocas area, which is crutial for producing language.

56
Q

right hempisphere (brain)

A

responsible for spatial relationships

57
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transmits sensory signals to the CNS via the nerves

58
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for controlling the bodies internal enviormnet like organs

59
Q

sympathic nervouse system (autonomic NS)

A

activated when one is active, for example increasing heart rate

60
Q

parasympathic nervouse system (autonomic NS)

A

activated when resting

61
Q

endocrine system

A

influences thoughts, behaviour and actions through the use of hormones, it is slower and uses hormones comapres to the NS which is fast and uses electric signals. It is controlled by the hypothalamus

62
Q

genes

A

segments of a DNA strand

63
Q

proteins

A

form the structure of cells and control their activities

64
Q

dominant gene

A

always expressed if its present

65
Q

recessive gene

A

only expressed if its combined with similar gene from another parent

66
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism and does not change

67
Q

phenotype

A

genotype x enviorment, physical characteristics

68
Q

polygenic

A

characteristics are determined by several genes in interaction with the enviorment

69
Q

monozygote twins

A

identicla twins, same set of chromosomes and same genes on each chromosome

70
Q

dizygote twins

A

seperatly fertalized egg, no more alike then other siblings

71
Q

epigenetics

A

“on top of genetics” enviorment doesnt change DNA but affect the expression of the DNA

Introduction to Psychology (redone) (12 decks)

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