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History > The Russian Revolution > Flashcards

The Russian Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

At the beginning of the 20th century,

A

Russia was a huge country with more than 140 million people

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2
Q

Three Pillars Sustaining Russia

A

Royalty, Orthodox Church and high administrative officials + secret police (Okhrana)

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3
Q

Government Style

A

Absolute Power in a Tzar Regime, led by Nicolas II

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4
Q

Abolition of the Feudal System

A

20 million peasants were freed from serfdom in 1861

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5
Q

The society was…..

A

very backward and only slightly industrialized

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6
Q

Russian Social-Democrat Party

A

Anti-Tzarist political group established in 1898 that later divided between Mensheviks and Bolsheviks

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7
Q

Mensheviks

A

preferred political change through legal methods and working with trade unions

the word means “minority”

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8
Q

Bolsheviks

A

the side lead by Vladimir Lenin, preferred political change through armed violence

wanted Marxist ideas in powers

the word means “majority”

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9
Q

Russian Middle Class

A

didn’t exist, everyone was either very rich or very poor

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10
Q

Okrana

A

secret police that cracked down on anti-Tzarism

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11
Q

Narodniks (3)

A
  • Russian Populist and terrorist group established in 1870
  • Wanted to help the rural and lower class
  • Had the slogan “Land and Liberty”
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12
Q

Social Revolutionists

A

Socialist Agrarian party established 1905 (NOT communist) who wanted to help the peasants of Russia

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13
Q

All political parties in early 20th century were (3)

A

illegal, incompatible and wanted to get rid of the Tzar

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14
Q

Two Factors from 1904 than made the people very anti Tzar

A

Economic crisis of 1904 and Russia’s loss in the Russo-Japanese war

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15
Q

Soviet emerged to…

A

create and assembly against the Tzar

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16
Q

Revolutions of 1917

A

One in February and one in October

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17
Q

February Revolution 1917 (3)

A
  • Took place in St. Petersburg, in which workers called for an to WW1, democratic reforms and and end to Tzarism
  • Russian soldiers/guard joined the protesters
  • Liberal political party and military generals forced Nicolas II to abdicate
18
Q

October Revolution/Lenin’s Revolution of 1917 (3)

A
  • Germans sent Lenin back to try to destabilize new Russian government
  • Provisional Government dismantled and soviets in charge (part of communist ideas)
  • Created an armed demonstration to seize power
19
Q

Provisional Government in-between 1917 revolutions (3)

A
  • Liberals of the State Duna made themselves the provisional government, the official government
  • Workers in charge of the Soviets, or councils that were in charge of soldiers and workers
  • Was extremely weak and failed to end Russia’s involvement with the war
20
Q

Changes under Provisional Government (5)

A
  • Disolved Tzar’s police (Okhrana)
  • Amnesty for political prisoners
  • Recognized Polish and Finnish independence
  • Promised to give land from landlords to peasants
  • Prepared for elections and allowed for democracy
21
Q

April Theses Main Points (5)

A

Marxist Idea Document by Lenin declaring:
- Provisional Government and WW1 suck
- Power to the working class and poor people
- Abolition of police and army, and all elective officials to be paid the same as workers
- Creation of a singular national bank
- Power the Soviets and creation of Communist International

22
Q

Mensheviks and Social Revolutionists aka the Provincial Government….

A

formed the coalition government called the cadets to quell Lenin’s power

they made the Bolshevik party illegal and Lenin fled to Finland

23
Q

Totalitarianism

A

state controls entire government and all aspects of life

24
Q

Russia Civil War Dates, Sides and Winner

A

1918-1921

Bolsheviks (led by Trotsky) vs. Old Tsarists (assisted by Britain, Japan and France)

Bolsheviks won

25
Q

Soviet

A

an assembly often composed of peasants and workers (played a big part in Russian Revolution)

26
Q

Russian Economy during the Civil War

A

suffered severely, so the NEP (New Economic Policy) was created

27
Q

1920s Russian Government

A

Totalitarian with one party in charge of the state and one leader in charge of the party

28
Q

Lenin Replacement

A

When Lenin died January 21, 1924, he was worried that Stalin would take over the party and all the power, which is exactly what happened

29
Q

Stalin Government Position

A

General Secretary, so he was able to hire all his friends to join the party in his support, making him very powerful

30
Q

Tronsky End

A
  • Dismissed from the party in 1925, then Kamenev and Zinoviev two years later
  • Kicked out of USSR in 1929 and assassinated in Mexico in 1940 on Stalin’s orders
31
Q

Stalin’s Dictatorship Characteristics (4)

A
  • The cult of personality of the leader
  • Terror to achieve submission
  • Purges (campaigns of imprisonment and assassination of opponents)
  • Gulag (concentration camps)
32
Q

1936 Constitución

A
  • Universal suffrage but only Communist Party members could run
  • The Party positions were creating a privileged bureaucracy (Nomenklatura), a social elite
33
Q

Tronsky Ideal Russia (3)

A
  • Genuine workers’ democracy
  • Freedom of expression
  • Election, not appointment, of political leaders (ending bureaucratization)
34
Q

Trotsky vs. Stalin Struggle for Power

A

Trotsky:
-He had been responsible for the formation of the Red Army
-Arrived late and did not have important supporters in the Party

Stalin:
- In 1922 he had become General Secretary of the Party
-He had significant support within the Party

35
Q

Komintern or Communist International (5)

A
  • Third International / Communist International / Komintern)
  • Aimed to create a tightly centralized and disciplined organization in charge of promoting the revolution in all countries
  • Ruled by 21 conditions imposed by Lenin and which obliged a subordination to Moscow’s directives
  • It became an instrument at the service of the foreign policy of the USSR
  • Caused the world to divide between Social-democratic and reformist parties vs. communist parties.
36
Q

Stalin Economic Plan and Agriculture

A
  • Abandoned NEP and had the State control the economy
  • Collectivization of agriculture / shared means of production / no more private farming
37
Q

Stalin Industrial Goal

A
  • Strengthen heavy industry
  • Achieve economic, technological and military independence
    all through State planning
38
Q

First Five-Year Plan

A

rapid and large-scale industrialization across the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)

39
Q

Both the Second five-year plan and the Third five-year plan emphasized….

A

growth of the arnament industry

40
Q

Military / Public Life Impact

A

Spectacular development of heavy and military industry at the expense of living standards and consumer industry

History (19 decks)

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