The Revolution in Energy and Industry (1780-1860)

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

Period in which Europe experienced a shift from a traditional economy based on handicrafts and farming to a capitalist economy based on manufacturing by machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories between 1750-1850

Question 2

Spinning Jenny

Answer 2

A hand-powered multiple spinning machine that improved upon the spinning wheel. Made by British carpenter James Hargreaves in 1764, greatly improved speed and quality of cloth

Question 3

Textiles

Answer 3

Before IR, they were manufactured via the cottage industry where people made these in their homes. Entrepreneurs began to open up large factories for this near water sources that could power these new, bulky, expensive machines. True definition: a type of cloth or woven fabric

Question 4

Water frame

Answer 4

An invention for mechanically spinning stronger thread. The original version of this was powered by water and these had to be near sources of water to function. Helped move away from small home manufacturing to large scale factory, created by Richard Arkwright in 1769

Question 5

Steam engines

Answer 5

Invented by Scottish engineer James Watt in 1775, allowed the factory system to spread to other industries. Powered by coal, so factories no longer need to be near rivers. Along with improvements in iron production, this led to the steam-powered locomotive and the railroad

Question 6

“Rocket”

Answer 6

It was an early steam-locomotive. Designed by George Stephenson with the help of his sons in 1829 for the Rainhill Trials, a competition held by a railway company to find the best locomotive engine for a new railway line. Reached speeds of 24 mph because its boiler was able to produce more steam than original designs

Question 7

Crystal Palace

Answer 7

The location of Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851, showcased Britain’s wealth and success as the world’s first industrial nation by showing off this massive convention hall made out of glass and iron. They also showed off the East India Co and their power in India with Indian goods. Had the support of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s husband

Question 8

Luddites

Answer 8

Textile workers from northern England whose trade and livelihoods were threatened by the new machines. They responded by destroying these textile machines and were never caught

Question 9

Tariff protection

Answer 9

A government’s way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying higher taxes on imported goods from other countries, example: when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by putting high tariffs on imported goods

Question 10

Economic nationalism

Answer 10

Defined as the ideology that favors state intervention over other market mechanisms (like laissez-faire). For example, during the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain had relatively free domestic markets (there were few regulations, people were free to travel throughout Britain), but they practiced heavily mercantilist trade policies internationally by imposing a 50% import tariff on manufactured goods, and making it a crime to export technology or machinery to rival nations

Question 11

Chartism

Answer 11

The first mass movement driven by the working class. Their petition outlined six demands, one important one being universal male suffrage. In the span of three years, they wrote two petitions that totaled over five million signatures, both of which were rejected. Even though the movement died, their legacy helped create new government reform movements for the working class

Question 12

Factory Acts of 1833

Answer 12

Children between 9-13 now work a maximum of 8 hours and 13-18 work a maximum of 12 hours. It required kids under 13 to have two hours of schooling a day. To uphold this, inspectors were appointed to make sure employers were following the rules

Question 13

Mines Act 1842

Answer 13

Banned women and children under 10 from working in the mines. Set a minimum age for working on winding machines at 15

Question 14

Ten Hours Act

Answer 14

Labor of women and children in all industrial establishments to 10 hours a day

Question 15

Trades Unions

Answer 15

These began to form during the Industrial Revolution, working class members created these to fight for safer conditions, better hours and increased wages

Question 16

Potato Famine

Answer 16

A blight fungus destroyed potato crops in Ireland of 1845-1852. Because potatoes were a major source of substance for the country, one million people died and one million became refugees, emigrating to Great Britain, United States, Canada and Australia

Question 17

Entrepreneurs

Answer 17

These people took advantage of improved communication and transportation channels to create new entities in a growing service industry; Britain had a lot of these for no true explanation (one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution)

Question 18

Urbanization

Answer 18

a large amount of people moving to the city, typically from the country side. Most were looking for labor because their agricultural jobs were no longer needed. Caused cities to become populated quickly and gave little time to clean–making them gross and polluted

Question 19

Iron

Answer 19

When this was processed a different way, it became stronger and cheaper, helping pave the way (literally with railroads) for the industrial revolution in Great Britain. Before the IR, this was brittle and hard to make, so it was better to import

Question 20

Combination Acts

Answer 20

These made it illegal for workers to join together and argue with their employer for better hours/wage, therefore making trade unions illegal. Put in place with help from Prime Minister William Pitt between 1779-1780, and were kept until they were repealed in 1824

Question 21

James Watt

Answer 21

Inventor of the steam engine, which was by far the most important invention of the industrial revolution

Question 22

Edmund Cartwright

Answer 22

An English clergyman and inventor of the power loom, an important invention because it sped up production of textiles and led to the use of factories

Question 23

Friedrich List

Answer 23

Greatly influenced by Adam Smith’s theories, this man was a German economist who believed in the “National System” type of capitalism. One of his main views was that a nation must first develop its own agricultural and manufacturing processes before participating in international free trade

Question 24

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 24

English social reformer who is noted for his work to reform the Poor Laws and to improve sanitation and public health. He published the “Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population (1842)” to show the direct link between poor living conditions/disease/life expectancy, further inspiring the future Public Health Act of 1848

Question 25

Robert Owen

Answer 25

One of the founders of socialism with the goal of making the life of the working class better. He bought a cotton mill in Scotland and provided safe, healthy working conditions with no child labor

Question 26

Patience Kershaw

Answer 26

She gave her testament of working in the mines before the any child reforms for working in the mines. Her father had died when she was 16 and her mom was raising her nine siblings; her and her sisters worked in the mill while the boys went to the mines. No education