An Age of Nationalism and Realism Flashcards
French 2nd Republic
Who: Louis Napoleon, declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. Domestic policy kept France stable and his citizens content, but his foreign policy led to his ultimate fall from power
What: An originally authoritarian state where NIII held the power and the Legislative Corps did not. After some cost issues, the Corps were given more control over gov.
When: 1848-1871
Where: France
Why: The people voted him into presidency, and then even voted for him to become emperor mostly because of his name
Red Shirts
Who: An army organized by Garibaldi, made up of volunteers
What: An army that fought for Italian unification and even won over Sicily in July 1860. They also marched up to the peninsula and caused Naples and Two Sicilies to fall by September
When: (Italian unification) September 20, 1870
Where: Italy (from the south)
Why: Nationalism fueled this small army, and the Crimean War helped negotiate new balances of power
Zollverein
What: A German customs union created by Prussia in 1834
Why: They eliminated tolls on rivers and roads among member states, therefore stimulating trade and adding to the prosperity of its members
Importance: Served as a skeleton for eventual German unification because Prussia’s influence allowed the writing of a new constitution
Austro-Prussian War
Who: Bismarck, the prime minister of Prussia, provoked a war between Austria and made sure that other countries (Russia, France, and Italy) would remain neutral in this war
What: Prussia’s rapid industrialization and superior weaponry allowed them to win easily. Led to the organization of northern German states into the North German Confederation
When: 1866
Where: in multiple countries, especially modern-day Germany
Why: Bismarck wanted more power for Prussia, and one way was German unification. Italy and France agreed to stay neutral because they would receive Venetia and territory respectively
Franco-Prussian war
Who: Bismarck and Prussia vs. France, after the invasion of France and the capture of Napoleon III
What: France lost by a landslide and afterwards were forced to pay for the war (lots of money) and give up territory. Led to the unification of the southern German states with Prussia and the North German Confederation. King Wilhelm I of Prussia was named Kaiser of the new German Empire
When: Ended before 1871
Where: Mostly France
Why: Once again, Bismarck wanted more power
The Victorian Era
In Britain, life was not filled with revolutions like it was in other countries. They made a simple reform that opened the door to political representation for the industrial middle class. Wages increased 25% between 1850-1870, helping the economic growth. Nationalism was also a strong factor. Representation in Parliament began to shift
Reform Act 1867
A reform in Britain the enfranchised part of the urban male working class. It took effect over the next two years
Natural Selection
One of the new discoveries in the field of biology; Charles Darwin argued that “the fittest” organisms, or those best adapted to their environment, survive to pass on their genes. Eventually it was misinterpreted and used to justify imperialism, capitalism, etc.
Pasteurization
Developed by Louis Pasteur in 1863 after the new germ theory. A process when certain non-packaged foods are treated under mild heat to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life
Crimean War
The major thing to know is that the Concert of Europe was effectively destroyed, meaning alliances were up in the air. The main cause was to gain control of the Dardanelles, which the Ottoman Empire was losing control over. France and Britain joined in to make sure Russia wouldn’t become way too powerful. Russia lost, but even though the other countries won they still lost greatly
Positivism
Its basic affirmations are as follows 1) that all knowledge regarding matters of facts is based on the “positive” data of experience and 2) that beyond the realm of fact is that of pure logic and pure mathematics. Founded by Auguste Comte
Realpolitik
Politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics. Cavour used this because he knew he could not challenge Austria directly and asked France for their help. Bismarck was the leading “member” of this and didn’t let the fact that he was a conservative prevent him from adapting socialist policies to gain followers
Zemstvos
Elected assemblies responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture. Established by Tsar Alexander II, and continued by Tsar Alexander III
Realism
A new trend in art. It contrasted the Romantics because they portrayed life as it is. The main audience was the new industrial bourgeoisie, especially the women. Some realist authors include Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, William Thackeray… Realistic Artists include Gustave Courbet, Jean-Francois Millet
Dual Monarchy
The compromise of 1867 created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It benefitted them both because their economies (Hungary: agricultural; Austria: metals) merged to share their items. This did not satisfy the other minority groups inside the empire. This was done under Franz Joseph who became the emperor while Hungary got its own parliament, constitution, and capital
