Reaction, Revolution, Romanticism 1815-1850 Flashcards
Legitimacy
Established by the Congress of Vienna in which old “legitimate” monarchs were returned to their thrones. Most prominently, the Bourbon monarchy was restored in France, although this technically occurred before Congress began. Of course, it wasn’t always followed as seen with Poland
Balance of Power
One of the principles of the Congress of Vienna. Metternich wanted to ensure that all Great Powers (Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, as well as France) were more or less equally powerful. Prussia and Austria strengthened as a bulwark against France and Russia, and additional buffer zones were established around France, including the new German Confederation
Conservatism
Beliefs included obedience to authority, organized religion as a source of order and morality, little change in traditions, dislike of revolution. Was the dominant ideology of governments and the elite during the early 19th century
Liberalism
The economic aspect is defined as minimal government involvement in the economy, aside from the defense of the country, police protection of individuals, and the construction/maintenance of public works. The political aspect is just common beliefs: Protection of civil liberties; freedom of assembly, speech, press, religion; some sort of written social contract; separation of church and state; limited suffrage
Intervention
This principle was established by Metternich in the Concert of Europe. It’s an agreement to use military force to crush rebellions that threatened the conservative order. Britain was against this principle, but the others went along with it. However, if revolutions went along with conservative beliefs, they disregarded this principle
Socialism
In the 19th century, this ideology had the goals of introducing equality into social conditions and eliminating both private property and the competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism
Concert of Europe
A system that emerged from the Congress of Vienna and was aimed at maintaining order and the balance of power in a conservative manner. One of their big ideas was the principle of intervention
Nationalism
Defined as identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations. Towards the middle of the 19th century, German and Italian nationalists were aching for unification, leading to two separate revolts that were both halted
Greek Revolt
The Greeks revolted against the Ottoman “Turks” Empire and won their independence when the Europeans helped them do it, going against the principle of intervention
Peterloo
This massacre was the killing of eleven of the 60,000 demonstrators at the hand of government detractors. It was caused by the Corn Laws of 1815 that hurt the working class. The results were new repressive measures: restrictions on large public meetings, extension of police powers of search and arrest, and the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor
Corn Laws
1815, the Tory government made these in response to the falling agriculture prices (think: they made less money even though the poor benefited). What were they? They imposed high tariffs on foreign grains that caused the price of bread to rise substantially. The result was the following protests and the Peterloo Massacre
Burschenschaften
What: student societies dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany. Their motto was “Honor, Liberty, Fatherland”
What did they do: pursued a variety of activities that alarmed German governments, like burning of books written by conservatives, and especially the assassination of a playwright
When: 1815-1819, ended in 1819 with Metternich’s Karlsbad Decrees
Reform Acts in Britain
The Reform Act of 1832: the Whigs gave new industrial urban communities some voice in government by enfranchising forty-two new towns and reapportioning others. Kept property qualifications though
Poor Law of 1834: tried to remedy the “laziness” of poor people by making paupers so wretched they would choose to work. They were crowded in workhouses
Abolition of the Corn Laws: would aid industrial middle class who favored free trade (economic liberalism)
National workshops
In France, the provisional government after Louis-Philippe abdicated established these. They were to be cooperative factories run by the workers that provided unskilled jobs for unemployed workers. Of course, it was costly, and because the amount of people enrolled in these rose by over 100,000 in a matter of months, they were closed on June 23
France 1830
This revolution was caused by
