The Respiratory System Flashcards
upper respiratory tract structures (4)
- Nose
- Nasal Cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract structures (5)
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
True or false: there is no posterior cartilage on the trachea
True
Features of the tracheal cartilage
16-20 C-shaped cartilage that stiffens the trachea
What does the trachea divide into?
Left and right primary bronchi
What is the outermost layer covering the trachea and esophagus
Adventitia
Layer of trachea found deep to cartilage ring
Submucosa
Innermost layer of the trachea
Mucosa
Order of bronchial tree branching
- Trachea
- Left and right primary bronchus
- left and right secondary bronchi
- left and right tertiary bronchi
What is the membrane that lines the pleural cavities
Pleura
What is secreted by the pleura
Pleural fluid
Function of pleural cavity
Lubricates lungs during breathing
Lobes of the left lung
- Superior
- Inferior
Lobes of the right lung
- Superior
- Middle
- Inferior
The horizontal fissure is seen in which lung?
Right lung
Which fissure seen in both lungs
Oblique fissure
Name for the tip or uppermost portion of the lung
Apex of lung
Name for the lowest part of the lung, resting on the diaphragm
Base of lung
An indentation in the left lung where the heart lies against the lung
cardiac notch
What are the two zones of the respiratory system?
conducting zone and respiratory zone
Which zone conduits to gas exchange sites
Conducting zone
Which is the zone where gas exchange occurs
Respiratory zone
Involuntary muscle found in the walls of bronchi and bronchiole
Smooth muscle
Action of smooth muscle when greater volume of air is required (relax or contract?)
Relax/Dilate
Two or more alveoli that share a common duct or opening
Alveolar sac
Name for terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs
Alveoli
Structures that surround the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli; SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE IN THE BLOOD
Pulmonary capillaries
Structure that connects respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs
Alveolar duct
What encases alveoli and help with ejection of air
Elastic fibers
Surface area of each lung (m^2)
70-140 m^2
Cells that allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes
Type I alveolar cells
Cells that secrete surfactant
Type II alveolar cells
Type of white blood cell housed inside alveoli that removes inhaled particles and bacteria; also called a dust cell
Alveolar macrophage
The single layer of cells that makes up the wall of the alveoli
respiratory membrane
The chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing
Surfactant
Skeletal muscles that elevate ribs and contract diaphragm
Intercostal muscle and diaphragm (duhh)
Process that maintains air flow into and out of alveoli
Pulmonary ventilation
The muscle and its action responsible for 25% of lung volume during inhalation
EXTERNAL intercostal muscle contraction
The muscle and its action responsible for 75% of lung volume during inhalation
Diaphragm —- Contraction
What is the effect on air pressure during inspiration
Alveolar air pressure drops
Active exhalation –muscle and action
INTERNAL intercostal muscles and stomach muscles CONTRACT
Passive exhalation –muscles and actions
External intercostal muscles and diaphragm — Relax
Describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature;
MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUT OF LUNGS FOLLOWS THIS PRINCIPLE
Boyle’s law
Boyle’s law formula
P1V1=P2V2
Pressure in the alveoli is called __________ pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
Between breaths:
Intrapulmonary pressure vs. atmospheric pressure is…
Equal pressure
Characterized by decreased intrapulmonary pressure and increased lung volume
Inspiration
Characterized by increased intrapulmonary pressure and decreased lung volume
Expiration
average ml of air per breath in adults
500 ml air/ breath
What are adaptations to oxygen demands during exercise
- Volume Increases
- # of breaths increases
Total lung volume is divided into 4 types of volumes
- Residual volume
- Tidal volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
Residual volume
The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort; represents air moved in one breath
Tidal volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
The 4 different lung capacities
- Inspiratory capacity
- Functional residual capacity
- Vital capacity
- Total lung capacity
Max volume of air inhaled from normal expiratory level
= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory capacity
Volume of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration
= expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
functional residual capacity
Max. volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled
= inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
vital capacity + residual volume
Total lung capacity
movement of O2 and CO2 occurs between these structures
Alveoli & pulmonary capillaries
Systemic capillaries & cells
Describes the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures (Ptotal=P1+P2+P3…)
Dalton’s law
the pressure of each gas in a mixture
partial pressure
Describes the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid
Henry’s law
What is the oxyhaemoglobin saturation in systemic arterial blood
100% oxyhaemoglobin saturation
What is the oxyhaemoglobin saturation in systemic venous blood at rest
75% oxyhaemoglobin saturation
What is the Oxyhaemoglobin saturation in venous blood during vigorous exercise
25% oxyhaemoglobin saturation
Arterial O2 partial pressure at sea level
100 mmHg
Venous O2 partial pressure at sea level
40 mmHg
Gas exchange is dependent on
Gas partial pressures
True or false: I’m a smarty pants and I got this
True :)
