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Bioscience > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory tract structures (4)

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract structures (5)

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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3
Q

True or false: there is no posterior cartilage on the trachea

A

True

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4
Q

Features of the tracheal cartilage

A

16-20 C-shaped cartilage that stiffens the trachea

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5
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Left and right primary bronchi

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6
Q

What is the outermost layer covering the trachea and esophagus

A

Adventitia

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7
Q

Layer of trachea found deep to cartilage ring

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

Innermost layer of the trachea

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

Order of bronchial tree branching

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Left and right primary bronchus
  3. left and right secondary bronchi
  4. left and right tertiary bronchi
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10
Q

What is the membrane that lines the pleural cavities

A

Pleura

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11
Q

What is secreted by the pleura

A

Pleural fluid

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12
Q

Function of pleural cavity

A

Lubricates lungs during breathing

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13
Q

Lobes of the left lung

A
  • Superior

- Inferior

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14
Q

Lobes of the right lung

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
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15
Q

The horizontal fissure is seen in which lung?

A

Right lung

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16
Q

Which fissure seen in both lungs

A

Oblique fissure

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17
Q

Name for the tip or uppermost portion of the lung

A

Apex of lung

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18
Q

Name for the lowest part of the lung, resting on the diaphragm

A

Base of lung

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19
Q

An indentation in the left lung where the heart lies against the lung

A

cardiac notch

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20
Q

What are the two zones of the respiratory system?

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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21
Q

Which zone conduits to gas exchange sites

A

Conducting zone

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22
Q

Which is the zone where gas exchange occurs

A

Respiratory zone

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23
Q

Involuntary muscle found in the walls of bronchi and bronchiole

A

Smooth muscle

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24
Q

Action of smooth muscle when greater volume of air is required (relax or contract?)

A

Relax/Dilate

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25
Q

Two or more alveoli that share a common duct or opening

A

Alveolar sac

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26
Q

Name for terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs

A

Alveoli

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27
Q

Structures that surround the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli; SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE IN THE BLOOD

A

Pulmonary capillaries

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28
Q

Structure that connects respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

A

Alveolar duct

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29
Q

What encases alveoli and help with ejection of air

A

Elastic fibers

30
Q

Surface area of each lung (m^2)

A

70-140 m^2

31
Q

Cells that allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes

A

Type I alveolar cells

32
Q

Cells that secrete surfactant

A

Type II alveolar cells

33
Q

Type of white blood cell housed inside alveoli that removes inhaled particles and bacteria; also called a dust cell

A

Alveolar macrophage

34
Q

The single layer of cells that makes up the wall of the alveoli

A

respiratory membrane

35
Q

The chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

A

Surfactant

36
Q

Skeletal muscles that elevate ribs and contract diaphragm

A

Intercostal muscle and diaphragm (duhh)

37
Q

Process that maintains air flow into and out of alveoli

A

Pulmonary ventilation

38
Q

The muscle and its action responsible for 25% of lung volume during inhalation

A

EXTERNAL intercostal muscle contraction

39
Q

The muscle and its action responsible for 75% of lung volume during inhalation

A

Diaphragm —- Contraction

40
Q

What is the effect on air pressure during inspiration

A

Alveolar air pressure drops

41
Q

Active exhalation –muscle and action

A

INTERNAL intercostal muscles and stomach muscles CONTRACT

42
Q

Passive exhalation –muscles and actions

A

External intercostal muscles and diaphragm — Relax

43
Q

Describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature;
MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUT OF LUNGS FOLLOWS THIS PRINCIPLE

A

Boyle’s law

44
Q

Boyle’s law formula

A

P1V1=P2V2

45
Q

Pressure in the alveoli is called __________ pressure

A

intrapulmonary pressure

46
Q

Between breaths:

Intrapulmonary pressure vs. atmospheric pressure is…

A

Equal pressure

47
Q

Characterized by decreased intrapulmonary pressure and increased lung volume

A

Inspiration

48
Q

Characterized by increased intrapulmonary pressure and decreased lung volume

A

Expiration

49
Q

average ml of air per breath in adults

A

500 ml air/ breath

50
Q

What are adaptations to oxygen demands during exercise

A
  • Volume Increases

- # of breaths increases

51
Q

Total lung volume is divided into 4 types of volumes

A
  • Residual volume
  • Tidal volume
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
52
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

A

Residual volume

53
Q

The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort; represents air moved in one breath

A

Tidal volume

54
Q

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

55
Q

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

A

Expiratory reserve volume

56
Q

The 4 different lung capacities

A
  • Inspiratory capacity
  • Functional residual capacity
  • Vital capacity
  • Total lung capacity
57
Q

Max volume of air inhaled from normal expiratory level

= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

A

Inspiratory capacity

58
Q

Volume of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration

= expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

A

functional residual capacity

59
Q

Max. volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled

= inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

A

Vital capacity

60
Q

vital capacity + residual volume

A

Total lung capacity

61
Q

movement of O2 and CO2 occurs between these structures

A

Alveoli & pulmonary capillaries

Systemic capillaries & cells

62
Q

Describes the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures (Ptotal=P1+P2+P3…)

A

Dalton’s law

63
Q

the pressure of each gas in a mixture

A

partial pressure

64
Q

Describes the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid

A

Henry’s law

65
Q

What is the oxyhaemoglobin saturation in systemic arterial blood

A

100% oxyhaemoglobin saturation

66
Q

What is the oxyhaemoglobin saturation in systemic venous blood at rest

A

75% oxyhaemoglobin saturation

67
Q

What is the Oxyhaemoglobin saturation in venous blood during vigorous exercise

A

25% oxyhaemoglobin saturation

68
Q

Arterial O2 partial pressure at sea level

A

100 mmHg

69
Q

Venous O2 partial pressure at sea level

A

40 mmHg

70
Q

Gas exchange is dependent on

A

Gas partial pressures

71
Q

True or false: I’m a smarty pants and I got this

A

True :)

Bioscience (7 decks)

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