Meisosis, Fertilization and Development

Question 1

What have 23 individual chromosomes and are haploid cells

Answer 1

Gametes (sex cells)

Question 2

Combination of a male and female gamete form a:

Answer 2

Zygote (diploid)

Question 3

Meiosis produces haploid or diploid cells?

Answer 3

Haploid

Question 4

Meiosis begins with what type of cells?

Answer 4

Diploid stem cells with one maternal and one paternal pair of chromosomes

Question 5

Meiosis I ends with a haploid or diploid cell?

Answer 5

2 Haploid with either two copies of maternal chromosomes or two copies of paternal chromosomes

Question 6

The tetrad (crossing over) happens at what stage of Meiosis

Answer 6

Meiosis I in Prophase I

Question 7

Where does spermatogenesis occur

Answer 7

Seminiferous tubules

Question 8

Describe the 5 stages of sperm formation

Answer 8

1. Spermatogonium
2. Primary spermatocyte
3. Secondary spermatocytes
4. Spermatids
5. Spermatozoa

Question 9

Name the process:

1. Spermatogonium develops into Primary Spermatocyte by _________
2. Spermatocytes develop into spermatids by _________
3. Spermatids develop into spermatozoa by __________

Answer 9

1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis
3. Spermiogenesis

Question 10

Formation of female gametes is called _________

Answer 10

Oogenesis

Question 11

When are oogonia produced?

Answer 11

In early fetal life

Question 12

Name the process:

1. Oogonium develop into primary oocytes by ________
2. Oocyte develops into ovum by ________

Answer 12

1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

Question 13

What 2 stages are oocytes arrested in?

Answer 13

Prophase I (before birth)

and

Metaphase II (ovulation)

Question 14

What happens to the oocyte membrane immediately as an egg is fertilized?

Answer 14

Membranes of oocyte and sperm fuse. Membrane structure of oocyte changes so no more sperm can enter

Question 15

What forms when male and female chromosomes combine

Answer 15

Zygote

Question 16

Daughter cells > turn into > blastomeres > turn into > __________ > turn into > __________

Answer 16

Morula ; blastocyst

Question 17

Implantation occurs _________ days after fertilization

Answer 17

4-7 days

Question 18

Blastocyst is fully implanted by day _______

Answer 18

16

Question 19

Placenta formation happens at week ______

Answer 19

4

Question 20

What are the two stages of development?

Answer 20

Embryonic (week 3-8)

Fetal (week 9 until birth)

Question 21

What is gastrulation

Answer 21

The formation of the 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

Question 22

Important milestones in early embryonic development:

Answer 22

Looks like lil lizard baby:
>tail forms
>heart starts beating
>Nervous system (eyes and brain) begins forming

Question 23

Important milestones 5-8 weeks:

Answer 23

> tail disappears
heart has 4 chambers
brains, organs, limbs develop further

Question 24

Important milestones @ 3 months

Answer 24

> Baby got a big ass head because brain enlarges
gender visible
ossification begins

Question 25

Important milestones @ 5 months

Answer 25

> red bone marrow produces most blood cells
fetus appears human like
body growth catches up to head
rapid organ development

Question 26

What is fetal/developmental programming (we talked about this)

Answer 26

Fetal development adapts to nutrients or lack of nutrients that the mother provides

Question 27

Increased risks to baby due to under-nutrition in utero are:

Answer 27

Cardiovascular disease

Hypertension

Obesity

Type II diabetes

Reduced life span

Question 28

Protein restriction in mother leads to decreased _________ in baby

Answer 28

Nephron numbers&raquo_space;lead to» Kidney failure