The Respiratory System

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

Process of carrying oxygen to body cells and carrying carbon dioxide in the opposite direction

Question 2

What is the larynx?

Answer 2

Our voice box, which contains our vocal chords

Question 3

How is respiration involved with body temperature regulation?

Answer 3

• Inhaled air is warmed to prevent hypothermia

- Panting increases evaporation of fluids to cool circulating bloods

Question 4

How is respiration involved in acid/base regulation?

Answer 4

Resp. System influences the rate of CO2 in the body depending on rate of breathing, the more co2, the lower the blood pH. The normal pH of blood is 7.4 (7.35-7.45)

Question 5

What does the upper resp tract consist of?

Answer 5

nostrils, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea

Question 6

Where does the nasal passage lie? What is the midline of the nostrils called?

Answer 6

Between the nares and and the pharynx. The midline of the nares is called the nasal septum

Question 7

What’s the turbinates?

Answer 7

Divide nasal passage into 3. Ventral nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus and dorsal nasal meatus.

Question 8

What is the nasal passages lined with? What’s it’s function?

Answer 8

Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, blood vessels, cilia and mucus. The function of the n.p is to condition inhaled air (warming, humidifying, filtering)

Question 9

What cartilage is the larynx made out of?

Answer 9

epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage. These are supported by the hyoid bone.

Question 10

What’s the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 10

Covers the larynx during open for swallowing

Question 11

Which cartilage is the vocal chords attached to?

Answer 11

The arytenoid cartilage, the muscle attached to the to cartilage adjusts the tension in chords

Question 12

List some functions of the larynx

Answer 12

voice production, prevents inhalation of foreign matter, control of airflow to/from lungs

Question 13

What is the trachea?

Answer 13

short, wide tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held by cartilage rings

Question 14

What’s the function of the cartilage rings along the trachea?

Answer 14

Prevents collapse during inhalation, also has cilia and mucous lining.

Question 15

What is the lower resp. tract made up of?

Answer 15

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 16

What controls the diameter of the bronchioles?

Answer 16

The autonomic nervous system controls the diameter by adjusting muscle fibres in their walls..bronchodilation/bronchoconstriction

Question 17

What are alveoli?

Answer 17

tiny, thin walled sacs surrounded by capillaries. External respiration takes place in alveoli

Question 18

Where do the lungs lie?

Answer 18

On the caudal surface of the diaphragm. The area between the lungs is called the mediastinum

Question 19

How many lobes are in each lung across species? Which species is an exception?

Answer 19

3 in the left, 4 in the right with the horse as an exception

Question 20

Explain the pulmonary circulation

Answer 20

Deoxygenated blood enter the lungs from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery, the vessels follow the bronchiole tree and subdivide, co2 and o2 are exchanged in the capillary network of alveoli

Question 21

What does the mediastinum contain? what is it?

Answer 21

It’s the area of the thorax between the lungs, it contains the heart, trachea, oesophagus, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic structures

Question 22

What’s the diaphragm?

Answer 22

A thin sheet of skeletal muscle, dome shaped in relaxed state and moves upwards, flattens and moves downwards when muscle contracts

Question 23

What is inspiration/inhalation?

Answer 23

Process of drawing air into the lungs, results from enlargement of the volume of the thorax

Question 24

What is expiration/exhalation?

Answer 24

Process of pushing air out of the lungs, size of thorax decreased and lungs are compressed

Question 25

What level of co2/o2 is in inhaled air vs blood entering capillary

Answer 25

Inhaled air: high o2, low co2

Blood entering capillary: high co2, low o2

Question 26

What happens in alveolar gas exchange?

Answer 26

High level of o2 in air diffuses into blood where o2 is lower, high level of co2 diffuses into air where level is lower.

Question 27

What levels are in exhaled air?

Answer 27

High co2, lower o2

Question 28

Which part of the brain controls breathing?

Answer 28

The medulla oblongata which controls involuntary actions