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Veterinary Anatomy > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Tongue function

A

taste buds, thermoregulation, aid digestion

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2
Q

Brachydont teeth

A

developed roots, small crown, do not continually grow, carnivores dogs humans

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3
Q

Hypsodont teeth

A

continually grow, open root apex, horses,rodents

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4
Q

Dog dental formula

A

I(3/3) C (1/1) P(4/4) M(2/3) 42 teeth

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5
Q

Cat dental formula

A

I(3/3) C(1/1) P(3/2) M(1/1) 30 teeth

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6
Q

Horse dental formula

A

I(3/3) C(1/1) P(3/3) M(3/3) 40 teeth

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7
Q

Bovine dental formula

A

I(0/3) C(0/1) P(3/3) M(3/3) 32 teeth

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8
Q

3 main salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, mandibular

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9
Q

Parotid gland

A

At base of the ear, opens up into 4th premolar buccal cavity

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10
Q

Mandibular gland

A

produces mucoid and serous mucous, runs along floor of the mouth

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11
Q

Sublingual gland

A

under tongue, drains via ducts

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12
Q

Where are the tonsils located? What is their function?

A

In the pharynx, protects animal from disease

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13
Q

What is the omentum

A

A double layered connecting peritoneum which connects the stomach to the abdominal wall or other organs. It stores fat and acts as an insulator

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14
Q

What does the stomach produce?

A

Intrinsic factor, needed for vit B12 absorption

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15
Q

What’s the function of 1) Cardiac sphincter 2) Pyloric sphincter

A

1) prevents reflux of food back into the oesophagus 2) controls release of food into the small intestine - 2/4 hrs

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16
Q

Name the glandular parts of the monogastric stomach

A

Cardia, fundus, corpus, pylorus **Oesophageal part not glandular

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17
Q

what is rugae? where can you find it?

A

found on the fundus. it is gastric folds that increase surface area after meals

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18
Q

Name the cell types of the stomach and what they secrete

A

parietal cells- hcl and intrinsic factor, mucin cells- mucous, chief cell - pepsinogen (which becomes pepsin when mixed with hcl, which breaksdown protein into peptides)

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19
Q

Stomach motility decreases when…

A

food enters the stomach

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20
Q

Stomach motility increases when…

A

food moves towards the pyloric sphincter

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21
Q

what are the two phases of chemical digestion?

A
  1. luminal digestion (hydrolysis- breaking of a bond by insertion of a water molecule) 2. membranous chemical digestion (hydrolysis repeated, molecules broken down into most basic components)
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22
Q

Which of the forestomachs in a ruminant in NOT glandular

A

reticulum, rumen, omasum

23
Q

Describe the rumen

A

fermentation occurs here, occupies most of the LHS of abdominal cavity, pillars (mucous folds) divide the rumen, has papillae to inc. surface area.

24
Q

Describe the reticulum

A

lies against diaphragm, fermentation, has honeycomb mucosa, ‘reticulorumen’ (they work together)

25
Q

Describe the omasum

A

important in young animals (tube for milk), folds of mucosa, papillae on surface, absorption of water and salt

26
Q

Describe the abomasum

A

glandular, rugae, continuous flow of ingesta, secretes pepsinogen and hcl -> pepsin,

27
Q

Describe rumination

A

1) regurgitation, 2) resalivation, 3) remastication, 4) reswallowing. Ingesta moves from reticulorumen into the oral cavity and then goes through these four steps

28
Q

Describe eructation

A

this is how ruminants belch. occurs once a minute, releases gases (CO2 and CH4 produced during fermentation). Cows release up to 4000L in 24hrs

29
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

A tube that carries away chime from the stomach and deposits it into the large intestine

30
Q

Which ducts open into the duodenum?

A

pancreatic and bile duct

31
Q

Which glands release digestive enzymes? and into what part of the S.I?

A

Brunner’s glands release digestive enzymes into the duodenum

32
Q

What occurs in the jejunum?

A

Most chemical digestion & absorption takes place here. The crypts of lieberkuhn (Paneth cells) release digestive enzymes.

33
Q

What occurs in the ileum?

A

Peyer’s patches (protect against disease) empty into the large intestine at cecum (horse), at colon (dogs and cats) or in colon and cecum (pigs & ruminant)

34
Q

How has the small intestine made adaptions?

A

villi to increase surface area = better absorption. Lacteals carry chyle, a milky fluid resulting from fat digestion. Blood capillaries transport small molecules from breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins to liver via hepatic portal vein

35
Q

What does the small intestine secrete?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) which stimulates pancreatic secretions, chyme with a high fatty acid and high amino acid concentration.

36
Q

The pancreas is a mixed gland (endo and exocrine) Explain the endocrine part of it

A

Releases hormones, B cells release insulin which lowers blood level glucose. A cells release glucagon which increases blood glucose (gluconeogenisis)

37
Q

Explain the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Releases digestive enzymes and bicarbonate via the pancreatic duct

38
Q

What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

A

When the pancreas fails to produce sufficient enzymes to digest food, the digestion of fats are particularly effected (fatty stool-light coloured)

39
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Processes blood coming from the GI tract, meaning it prevents toxins getting into the bloodstream

40
Q

Name some functions of the liver

A

Secretes substances needed for digestion/absorption of nutrients. Excretes toxic substances. Produces plasma proteins, cholesterol and blood coagulation factors.

41
Q

What two sources does the liver receive blood from?

A

hepatic portal vein (GI tact) and hepatic artery (branch of celiac artery - abdominal aorta). They come together and empty their blood into the sinusoids

42
Q

Which cells in the liver engulf foreign objects?

A

Kupffer cells

43
Q

Where is bile excreted from?

A

by hepatocytes (also secrete protein) into the canaliculi

44
Q

What controls the entrance of the bile duct into the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi, when closed, bile back up into the gall bladder

45
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

Storage area for bile, which is produced by the liver. It also transports the bile to the bile duct. Bile enters duodenum to digest high fat and peptide conc.

46
Q

What is bile made up of?

A

bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments

47
Q

What is bilirubin (produced by bile acids)?

A

Breakdown product of haemoglobin

48
Q

What are the four stages of lipid digestion?

A

1) emulsification 2) hydrolysis 3) micelle formation 4) absorption

49
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

absorption of water and ions, absorption of carbs & proteins that remain undigested, has mucus secreting goblet cells.

50
Q

Name the 4 parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum, colon, rectum, anus.

51
Q

The cecum is..

A

a blind diverticulum at beginning of colon (edges off to the side)

52
Q

Which part of the SI opens up into the cecum?

A

The ileum

53
Q

Describe some of the things that occur in the LI

A

Carbs are degraded to VFA’s (an energy source) and some of this gets lost in the faeces. Gases like CH4 and CO2 transported to the rectum. Most microbes in the LI are excreted in the faeces.

54
Q

What happens when faeces reach the rectum?

A

The sensory receptors get stimulated, colon and rectum contract, inner & outer anal sphincter muscle contract

Veterinary Anatomy (6 decks)

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