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Biology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the requirements to maximise diffusion?

A

Large surface area to volume ratio
Short diffusion distance
Steep diffusion gradient

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2
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Keeps airways open

Rings allow flexibility

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3
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Produce and secrete mucus

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4
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelia?

A

Synchronised wafting

Moves mucus across cell surface

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5
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Wrapped around airways to contract to reduce lumen size

Influence volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs

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6
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres?

A

Stretch and recoil in alveolar walls to help with exhalation

Compresses in airways when smooth muscle contracts and recoil when muscle relaxes to dilate lumen

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7
Q

Where is cilliated epithelia found?

A

In the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

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8
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

In the trachea, bronchi and a few in the bronchioles

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9
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A

In the trachea and bronchi

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10
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

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11
Q

Where are elastic fibres found?

A

In the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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12
Q

Where are squamous epithelial cells found?

A

In the alveoli

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13
Q

How is the problem of gas exchange solved in large organisms?

A

By breaking large cells into many smaller ones
By having specialised gas exchange surfaces
Internalising gas exchange surfaces to reduce water loss due to evaporation from the moist surface required

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14
Q

How are the lungs adapted to having a short diffusion distance?

A

Alveolar wall is one cell thick
Cells are squamous epithelial
Capillary walls are one cell thick (endothelium)

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15
Q

How are the lungs adapted to have a large surface area to volume ratio?

A

Many alveoli

Each alveoli is highly folded

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16
Q

How are the lungs adapted to maintain a steep diffusion gradient for the respiratory gases?

A

Diffused gases are constantly carried in to high end of diffusion gradient (by ventilation or blood flow)
Diffused gases are constantly removed from the low end of the diffusion gradient

17
Q

How does the spirometer work?

A

Subject breathes in and out, drawing air from the air chamber in the spirometer
Nose clip prevents invalid results from breathing through the nose
Carbon dioxide is absorbed using soda lime

18
Q

What precautions must one take when using the spirometer?

A 
Subject must have no known heart or breathing problems 
Mouth piece must be disinfected
Soda lime needs renewal frequently
Check for air leaks
Mouth piece must be dis
19
Q

What is ventilation?

A

When air is drawn in and out of the lungs to renew oxygen supply and remove carbon dioxide

20
Q

How can pressure in the cavity be changed?

A

By changing the volume of the chest/lungs
By changing the position of the diaphragm
By changing the position of the rib cage

21
Q

What changes occur to the respiratory system during inhalation?

A 
Intercostal muscles contract
Ribs move UP AND OUT
Diaphragm muscles contract
Diaphragm is lowered
Volume of thorax increases
Pressure in thorax falls
Air is drawn in down the pressure gradient
22
Q

What changes occur to the respiratory system during exhalation?

A

Diaphragm muscles and intercostal muscles relax
Elastic fibres that were stretched during inhalation recoil
Volume of thorax falls
Pressure in thorax increases
Air flows out down the pressure gradient

23
Q

What is the spirometer trace used for?

A

To calculate volume and rate of breathing

24
Q

What is the soda lime for in the spirometer?

A

To absorb any carbon dioxide that might cause the subject to hyperventilate

25
Q

Why does a spirometer trace slope down?

A

Oxygen is used up by the subject

Carbon dioxide is absorbed as it is breathed out

26
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional volume of air that can be breathed out beyond the tidal volume

27
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Additional volume that can be breathed in beyond the tidal volume

28
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in and out

29
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

Volume of air in each breath

30
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after the deepest breath out

31
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The total volume of air in the lungs when the are fully inflated

Biology (18 decks)

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