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Biology > Smoking and Diseases > Flashcards

Smoking and Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Effects of tar on the body

A

Increases chances of blood clots forming
Destroys cilia
Accumulates in airways narrowing lumen
Stimulates goblet cells to secrete more mucus

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2
Q

Effect of carcinogens on the body

A

Bind to DNA and cause mutations

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3
Q

Effect of carbon monoxide on the body

A

Absorbed in the blood and combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin
Reduces oxygen carrying potential of blood and starves heart muscles of oxygen
Causes chronic bornichitis and emphysema

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4
Q

Effects of nicotine on the body

A

Absorbed in the blood

Increases heart rate and blood pressure, causing damage to artery walls

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5
Q

In what ways does atherosclerosis cause changes to the cardiovascular system?

A

Endothelium - Leukocytes begin to attack the endothelium of the artery, causing inflamation and narrowing
High blood pressure - Results from dyslipidema ( excess of cholesterol or fat)
Phagocytes - LDL’s undergo phagocytosis when concentration is high
Smooth muscle - Infections of the smooth muscle tissue can lead to a build up in cholesterol
Fatty deposits - Releases an enzyme that widens the artery over time
Atheromas - Calcification deposits around the atheromas leading to a loss of elasticity and stiffening
Plaque - Fibrolipid plaque ruptures can lead to blood clotting and heart attacks
Lumen - The lumen gets clogged up due to ruptures and sterosis

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6
Q

What changes do platelets undergo prior to thrombosis

A

Along with fibrin, forms blood clots on injured sites that normally stay put causing blood to flow more slowly
Become more stickly due to nicotine

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7
Q

What are the dangers of a thrombus

A

When it is big enough, it can lead to hypoxia and an accumulation of lactic acid
Can flow around the body, while progressively getting bigger
Can lodge into narrow arteries and stop blood from flowing

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8
Q

Nicotine and carbon monoxide increase the risk of what?

A

Atherosclerosis
CHD
Stroke

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for CHD

A 
High blood cholesterol
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Obesity
Smoking
Lack of physical activity
Poor diet
Stress
Sex (males are more likely to die of CHD)
Absence of omega oils and antidioxidants
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10
Q

What are the causes of stroke

A

Thrombus – a blockage of an artery due to a blood clot

Haemorrhage – When blooding occurs in the subarachnoid space and causes levels of conciousness to drop

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11
Q

How does atherosclerosis occur

A

Carbon monoxide damages endothelium of arteries
The damage is repaired by phagocytes
This encourages the growth of smooth muscle and depositing of fatty substances
The fatty deposits consist of cholesterol and LDL’s
High blood pressure will increase deposition of cholesterol
The atheromas occurs under the endothelium that will eventually stick out into the lumen forming a plaque
This reduces blood flow and makes the artery less felxible

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12
Q

How does thrombosis occur

A

Blood flowing past plaque cannot flow smoothly
This will increase the chance of a clot forming
If the enveloping endothelium is damaged, red blood cells will stick to the fatty deposits
A thrombus may form and break off, lodging into narrower arteries

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13
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When the lumen of the coronary artery is narrowed by plaque thus reducing bloodflow

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14
Q

What are the three forms of CHD

A

Angina
Heart attack or myocardial infraction
Heart failure

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15
Q

What is stroke

A

Death in the part of brains tissue as blood cannot access it due to a thrombus or a haemorrhage

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16
Q

What diseases are associated with smoking?

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Lung cancer

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of airways
Damage to cilia
Overproduction of mucus
Coughing up mucus filled with bacteria and white blood cells
Can lead to increased risk of lung infection

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema

A 
Burst alveoli
Reduced surface area to volume ratio
Breathless
Difficulty exhaling
Fatigue due to less oxygenated blood
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19
Q

What is COPD

A

A combination of diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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20
Q

Examples of cardiovascular diseases

A

Atherosclerosis
CHD
Stroke
Arteriosclerosis

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21
Q

Why is there great emphasis on promoting health benefits of lowering the chance of atherosclerosis to children?

A

Treatment of cardiovascular disease can be very expensive and time consuming
By reducing the risk factors from an early age, need for treatment in the future will be reduced

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22
Q

Symptoms of cardiovascular diseases

A

Narrowing of lumen
Deposition of atheroma
Decreased elasticity
Hardening of artery walls due to the deposition of calcium in the walls

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23
Q

What is angina?

A

A severe pain in the chest, which may extend down the left arm or up the neck

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24
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

The death of a part of the heart muscle, usually caused by a clot in the coronary artery

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25
Q

What is heart failure?

A

When the heart cannot sustain its pumping action

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of stroke?

A

Sudden numbness or weakness of one side of the face
Sudden confusion and difficulty in speaking
Sudden difficulty seeing in one or both eyes
Sudden trouble with walking
Sudden severe headache

27
Q

What is epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution of a disease in populations and the factors that influence its spread

28
Q

Epidemiology helps to identify what?

A

Which countries are at risk of a particular disease
Which age range of the population is at greater risk
Which sex may be at greater risk
Which lifestyle factors may affect the risk

29
Q

What can information gained by the WHO be used for?

A

Help influence future spending of countries
Help target research, screening, advice and education at parts of the population that are most at risk
Predict where the disease may become more prevalent in the future

30
Q

What is the parasite that causes malaria called?

A

Pasmodium

31
Q

What is the vector for the malarial parasite plasmodium?

A

The female anapheles mosquito

32
Q

In what cell does the malarial parasite plasmodium reproduce?

A

Red blood cells

33
Q

What is the meaning of health?

A

The state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease

34
Q

What is a disease?

A

A departure from good health caused by a malfunction of the mind or body

35
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that lives in or on another living thing, causing harm to its host

36
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes disease

37
Q

What are the indicators of good health?

A 
Free from disease
Well balanced diet
Able to carry out tasks
Usually happy
Good sanitation
Well intergrated into society
38
Q

What is an external parasite?

A

A parasite that lives on the surface of another organism (e.g. fleas)

39
Q

What is an internal parasite?

A

A parasite that lives inside another organism (e.g. tapeworms)

40
Q

What factors make the human body ideal for the growth of pathogens?

A

Temperature of humans is the optimum temperature for pathogens
We are rich in nutrients (name)

41
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A

Prokaryotic
Can reproduce rapidly
Presence can cause disease by damaging cells or secreting toxic products

42
Q

Examples of bacteria

A

Cholera – Vibrio cholerae

TB – Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mycobacterium bovis

43
Q

What are the charcteristics of fungi

A

Cause a variety of diseases including skin
Lives in skin
Releases reproductive hyphae from skin to spread spores

44
Q

Examples of fungi

A

Athletes foot/Ringworms – Tinea

45
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A

TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) affects many plants
Invades cells, taking over genetic machinery and organelles
Causes cell to manufacture more virus cells
The host cell bursts releaseing many virus cells

46
Q

Examples of viruses

A

Cold/influenza
HIV/AIDS
TMV

47
Q

Characteristics of protoctista (protozoa)

A

Causes harm by entering host and feeding on contents as they grow
Plasmodium has immature forms that feed on the contents of red blood cells

48
Q

Examples of Protoctista (protozoa)

A

Amoeboid dysentry
Malaria
Plasmodium

49
Q

Examiners tip when talking about pathogens and their causative agent

A

Refer to causative agent in full unless answering long answer questions where shortened version are acceptable

50
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Spread by a vector
The vector is the female anapheles mosquito
Mosquito carries plasmodium from an infected individual to an uninfected individual
Vector carries the gametes that fuse to form a zygote
Infective forms move into the salivary gland

51
Q

How does malaria enter the host?

A

Female anapheles mosquito’s have an adapted mouthpart shaped like a probe
Probe is used to penetrate blood vessel
Saliva carrying infective stage is used as anticongluent
Infective stages enter liver and multiply
In the blood they enter blood cells and produce gametes

52
Q

How does the plasmodium reproduce?

A

They reproduce in the liver and reproduce by taking over genetic material of red blood cells and producing gametes for further infection and further transportation by mosquito’s

53
Q

How does malaria harm the body?

A

Causes fever and headaches

Can progress to cause comas and death

54
Q

How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?

A 
Exchange of bodily fluids (e.g. blood)
Unprotected sex
Unscreened blood transfusions
Use of unsterilised medical equipment
Sharing hypodermic needles
'Needle stick'
Across the placenta
During childbirth
Breast feeding
55
Q

What does HIV positive mean?

A

When the virus is present in the body but inactive

56
Q

How do HIV cells reproduce?

A

The HIV cells attach to T and CD4 cells as they have the complementary surface proteins
The HIV cell will continue replicating until the cell bursts

57
Q

How does HIV damage the host?

A

Once active, they target and destroy T helper cells in the immune system
Ability to resist infection decreases
Possibility of contracting opportunistic infections become greater

58
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

Transmitted by droplet infection
Bacteria M.Tuberculosis is contained in tiny suspensions of liquid
Inhalation of these droplets cause infection
However, close contact for a long duration with an infected individual has to normally be achieved for infection

59
Q

How does TB enter the host?

A

Enters the lungs and is the therefore the most affected organ from TB
Can be contracted from milk or meat of cattle but this is an archaic method of tranmissions in HEDC’s

60
Q

How does TB reproduce?

A

Reproduces within the phagocytic cells (e.g. dendritic cells and macrophages)

61
Q

How does TB damage the host?

A

Replicates in the alveoli and alveolar macrophages and causes infection
Secondary infectioncan occur in more distant areas of the body

62
Q

What six factors contribute to poor health?

A 
Overcrowding
Poor ventilation
Poor health
Poor diet
Homelessness
Living/ working with people who have migrated from TB rich areas
63
Q

Ways in which the cycle of infection can be broken

A

Washing hands

Purging

Biology (18 decks)

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