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Smoking and Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of tar on the body

A

Increases chances of blood clots forming
Destroys cilia
Accumulates in airways narrowing lumen
Stimulates goblet cells to secrete more mucus

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2
Q

Effect of carcinogens on the body

A

Bind to DNA and cause mutations

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3
Q

Effect of carbon monoxide on the body

A

Absorbed in the blood and combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin
Reduces oxygen carrying potential of blood and starves heart muscles of oxygen
Causes chronic bornichitis and emphysema

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4
Q

Effects of nicotine on the body

A

Absorbed in the blood

Increases heart rate and blood pressure, causing damage to artery walls

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5
Q

In what ways does atherosclerosis cause changes to the cardiovascular system?

A

Endothelium - Leukocytes begin to attack the endothelium of the artery, causing inflamation and narrowing
High blood pressure - Results from dyslipidema ( excess of cholesterol or fat)
Phagocytes - LDL’s undergo phagocytosis when concentration is high
Smooth muscle - Infections of the smooth muscle tissue can lead to a build up in cholesterol
Fatty deposits - Releases an enzyme that widens the artery over time
Atheromas - Calcification deposits around the atheromas leading to a loss of elasticity and stiffening
Plaque - Fibrolipid plaque ruptures can lead to blood clotting and heart attacks
Lumen - The lumen gets clogged up due to ruptures and sterosis

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6
Q

What changes do platelets undergo prior to thrombosis

A

Along with fibrin, forms blood clots on injured sites that normally stay put causing blood to flow more slowly
Become more stickly due to nicotine

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7
Q

What are the dangers of a thrombus

A

When it is big enough, it can lead to hypoxia and an accumulation of lactic acid
Can flow around the body, while progressively getting bigger
Can lodge into narrow arteries and stop blood from flowing

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8
Q

Nicotine and carbon monoxide increase the risk of what?

A

Atherosclerosis
CHD
Stroke

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for CHD

A 
High blood cholesterol
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Obesity
Smoking
Lack of physical activity
Poor diet
Stress
Sex (males are more likely to die of CHD)
Absence of omega oils and antidioxidants
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10
Q

What are the causes of stroke

A

Thrombus – a blockage of an artery due to a blood clot

Haemorrhage – When blooding occurs in the subarachnoid space and causes levels of conciousness to drop

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11
Q

How does atherosclerosis occur

A

Carbon monoxide damages endothelium of arteries
The damage is repaired by phagocytes
This encourages the growth of smooth muscle and depositing of fatty substances
The fatty deposits consist of cholesterol and LDL’s
High blood pressure will increase deposition of cholesterol
The atheromas occurs under the endothelium that will eventually stick out into the lumen forming a plaque
This reduces blood flow and makes the artery less felxible

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12
Q

How does thrombosis occur

A

Blood flowing past plaque cannot flow smoothly
This will increase the chance of a clot forming
If the enveloping endothelium is damaged, red blood cells will stick to the fatty deposits
A thrombus may form and break off, lodging into narrower arteries

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13
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When the lumen of the coronary artery is narrowed by plaque thus reducing bloodflow

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14
Q

What are the three forms of CHD

A

Angina
Heart attack or myocardial infraction
Heart failure

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15
Q

What is stroke

A

Death in the part of brains tissue as blood cannot access it due to a thrombus or a haemorrhage

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16
Q

What diseases are associated with smoking?

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Lung cancer

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of airways
Damage to cilia
Overproduction of mucus
Coughing up mucus filled with bacteria and white blood cells
Can lead to increased risk of lung infection

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema

A 
Burst alveoli
Reduced surface area to volume ratio
Breathless
Difficulty exhaling
Fatigue due to less oxygenated blood
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19
Q

What is COPD

A

A combination of diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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20
Q

Examples of cardiovascular diseases

A

Atherosclerosis
CHD
Stroke
Arteriosclerosis

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21
Q

Why is there great emphasis on promoting health benefits of lowering the chance of atherosclerosis to children?

A

Treatment of cardiovascular disease can be very expensive and time consuming
By reducing the risk factors from an early age, need for treatment in the future will be reduced

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22
Q

Symptoms of cardiovascular diseases

A

Narrowing of lumen
Deposition of atheroma
Decreased elasticity
Hardening of artery walls due to the deposition of calcium in the walls

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23
Q

What is angina?

A

A severe pain in the chest, which may extend down the left arm or up the neck

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24
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

The death of a part of the heart muscle, usually caused by a clot in the coronary artery

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25
What is heart failure?
When the heart cannot sustain its pumping action
26
What are the symptoms of stroke?
Sudden numbness or weakness of one side of the face Sudden confusion and difficulty in speaking Sudden difficulty seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble with walking Sudden severe headache
27
What is epidemiology
The study of the distribution of a disease in populations and the factors that influence its spread
28
Epidemiology helps to identify what?
Which countries are at risk of a particular disease Which age range of the population is at greater risk Which sex may be at greater risk Which lifestyle factors may affect the risk
29
What can information gained by the WHO be used for?
Help influence future spending of countries Help target research, screening, advice and education at parts of the population that are most at risk Predict where the disease may become more prevalent in the future
30
What is the parasite that causes malaria called?
Pasmodium
31
What is the vector for the malarial parasite plasmodium?
The female anapheles mosquito
32
In what cell does the malarial parasite plasmodium reproduce?
Red blood cells
33
What is the meaning of health?
The state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease
34
What is a disease?
A departure from good health caused by a malfunction of the mind or body
35
What is a parasite?
An organism that lives in or on another living thing, causing harm to its host
36
What is a pathogen?
An organism that causes disease
37
What are the indicators of good health?
``` Free from disease Well balanced diet Able to carry out tasks Usually happy Good sanitation Well intergrated into society ```
38
What is an external parasite?
A parasite that lives on the surface of another organism (e.g. fleas)
39
What is an internal parasite?
A parasite that lives inside another organism (e.g. tapeworms)
40
What factors make the human body ideal for the growth of pathogens?
Temperature of humans is the optimum temperature for pathogens We are rich in nutrients (name)
41
Characteristics of bacteria
Prokaryotic Can reproduce rapidly Presence can cause disease by damaging cells or secreting toxic products
42
Examples of bacteria
Cholera – Vibrio cholerae | TB – Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mycobacterium bovis
43
What are the charcteristics of fungi
Cause a variety of diseases including skin Lives in skin Releases reproductive hyphae from skin to spread spores
44
Examples of fungi
Athletes foot/Ringworms – Tinea
45
Characteristics of viruses
TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) affects many plants Invades cells, taking over genetic machinery and organelles Causes cell to manufacture more virus cells The host cell bursts releaseing many virus cells
46
Examples of viruses
Cold/influenza HIV/AIDS TMV
47
Characteristics of protoctista (protozoa)
Causes harm by entering host and feeding on contents as they grow Plasmodium has immature forms that feed on the contents of red blood cells
48
Examples of Protoctista (protozoa)
Amoeboid dysentry Malaria Plasmodium
49
Examiners tip when talking about pathogens and their causative agent
Refer to causative agent in full unless answering long answer questions where shortened version are acceptable
50
How is malaria spread?
Spread by a vector The vector is the female anapheles mosquito Mosquito carries plasmodium from an infected individual to an uninfected individual Vector carries the gametes that fuse to form a zygote Infective forms move into the salivary gland
51
How does malaria enter the host?
Female anapheles mosquito's have an adapted mouthpart shaped like a probe Probe is used to penetrate blood vessel Saliva carrying infective stage is used as anticongluent Infective stages enter liver and multiply In the blood they enter blood cells and produce gametes
52
How does the plasmodium reproduce?
They reproduce in the liver and reproduce by taking over genetic material of red blood cells and producing gametes for further infection and further transportation by mosquito's
53
How does malaria harm the body?
Causes fever and headaches | Can progress to cause comas and death
54
How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?
``` Exchange of bodily fluids (e.g. blood) Unprotected sex Unscreened blood transfusions Use of unsterilised medical equipment Sharing hypodermic needles 'Needle stick' Across the placenta During childbirth Breast feeding ```
55
What does HIV positive mean?
When the virus is present in the body but inactive
56
How do HIV cells reproduce?
The HIV cells attach to T and CD4 cells as they have the complementary surface proteins The HIV cell will continue replicating until the cell bursts
57
How does HIV damage the host?
Once active, they target and destroy T helper cells in the immune system Ability to resist infection decreases Possibility of contracting opportunistic infections become greater
58
How is TB transmitted?
Transmitted by droplet infection Bacteria M.Tuberculosis is contained in tiny suspensions of liquid Inhalation of these droplets cause infection However, close contact for a long duration with an infected individual has to normally be achieved for infection
59
How does TB enter the host?
Enters the lungs and is the therefore the most affected organ from TB Can be contracted from milk or meat of cattle but this is an archaic method of tranmissions in HEDC's
60
How does TB reproduce?
Reproduces within the phagocytic cells (e.g. dendritic cells and macrophages)
61
How does TB damage the host?
Replicates in the alveoli and alveolar macrophages and causes infection Secondary infectioncan occur in more distant areas of the body
62
What six factors contribute to poor health?
``` Overcrowding Poor ventilation Poor health Poor diet Homelessness Living/ working with people who have migrated from TB rich areas ```
63
Ways in which the cycle of infection can be broken
Washing hands | Purging

Biology (18 decks)

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