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Biology > Disease and Immunity > Flashcards

Disease and Immunity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Examples of primary defences

A

Mucus, ciliated epithelium etc in the respiratory tract
Stomach acid, normal flora etc in the digestive tract
Lysosomes are present in tears
Sebum and a low pH in skin
Vaginal lactic acid, acidity of urine etc in the genitourinary tract

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2
Q

Example of secondary defence

A

Phagocytosis

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3
Q

How do bacterium undergo phagocytosis?

A 
Bacterium are recognised as foreign
Phgocytic cells engulf the pathogen by endocytosis
Forms a phagosome
Phagosome fuses with a lysosome
Hydrolytic enzymes break down bacterium
Products diffuse into the cytoplasm
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4
Q

Examples of secondary lines of defence

A

Phagocytosis

Immune reponse

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5
Q

Which secondary defence is non-specific

A

Phagocytosis as it acts on all foreign cells

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6
Q

What are the two types of immune response

A

Humoral - defence against bacteria

Cell mediated - defence against viruses

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7
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins or glycoproteins in the plasmamembrane whose tertiary folding gives a highly specific shape

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8
Q

What are self antigens?

A

The antigens present on body cells

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9
Q

What sort of antigen does the immune system respond to?

A

Non self antigens

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10
Q

What are the stages of humoral response?

A

Antigen presentation
Clonal selection
Clonal expansion
Cell differentiation

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11
Q

What occurs during antigen presentation?

A

Macrophage engulfs bacteria
Bacterium is hydrolysed by enzymes in lysosomes
The antigens of the bacterium fuse with the plasma membrane of the macrophage

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12
Q

What occurs during clonal selection?

A

The T helper and B cells with the complementary shape to the protein receptors on their plasma membranes are selected

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13
Q

What occurs during clonal expansion?

A

The body only has a few B cells
The T helper cells release cytokines
Cytokines stimulate B cell production by cell signalling

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14
Q

What occurs during B cell differentiation?

A

Some B cell clones differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
Some become memory cells that are stored for secondary responses

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15
Q

Why is a cell mediated immune response needed?

A

Viruses reproduce inside host cells so they are hard to recognise
Antibodies work in the plasma where there are very few viruses

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16
Q

What are the steps of a cell mediated response?

A

Antigens are presented on infected host cell’s plasma membrane
Complementary T cells attach to infect cells
T helper cells release cytokines to activate T cell replication
T cells differentiate to form T killer cells, T helper cells and T memory cells
T killer cells attach to infected cells and secrete perforins causing lysis

17
Q

What are the characteristics of an antibody?

A

Protein
Has four polypeptide chains; two heavy and two light
Chains are linked with disulfide bridges
Has a constant region that can attach to receptors in the plasma membrane
Has a variable region that is specific to a protein
Has a hinge region for flexibilty
Antibodies are specific to non-self antigens

18
Q

What are the two ways in which antibodies can speed up the immune response?

A 
By agglutination (clumping antigens together for easier phagocytosis)
Or by attaching to a phagocytes plasma membrane by its constant region
19
Q

What is the problem with the immune response?

A

It is slow
Pathogens will reproduce rapidly in the conditions available within the human
Pathogen will cause symptoms before the immune system can react

20
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

The direct introduction of antibodies into a person from another person (breasts)

21
Q

What is active immunity?

A

The stimulation of the immune system by an antigen to produce antigens and memory cells

22
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

Being injected with another persons antibodies or being vaccinated

23
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Receiving antibodies through the mother or having immunity from having another disease

24
Q

What is the difference between herd vaccination and ring vaccination?

A

Herd vaccination is where a proportion of a population is vaccinated while ring vaccination is where individuals that have come in contact with the infected are vaccinated

25
Q

What sort of cell produces antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes

Biology (18 decks)

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