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Circulatory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The sequence of events in one heart beat

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2
Q

What are the stages that occur during the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole

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3
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

Atria and ventricles are relaxing
Blood flows into both the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular valves are open
Equal pressure in the atria and the ventricles

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4
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

Heart beat starts as atria contracts
Right and left atria simultaneously contract
Right and left ventricles fill up
Pressure increases in ventricles and decreases in aorta
When ventricles are full, they contract and cause the atrioventricular valves to close

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5
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract increasing pressure
Semilunar valves open
Pressure in aorta and pulmonary artery increase
After blood has been pushed out, the ventricle walls relax

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6
Q

When do aortic pressure and ventricular pressure equal eachother?

A

When the semilunar valves open and close

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7
Q

When does atrial pressure equal ventricular pressure?

A

When the atrioventricular valve closes and opens

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8
Q

What materials are transported in the blood

A

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What materials are transported in the plasma

A 
Hormones
Heat
Excretory products
Digestive products
Mineral salts
Antibodies
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10
Q

Where is metabolic heat produced and transported to in the body?

A

From the liver to the muscles

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11
Q

Where does the renal artery transport blood to?

A

The kidneys

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12
Q

How is the diffusion rate sped up in the capillaries?

A

High surface area to volume ration

Walls are only one cell thick

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13
Q

What is the tip of the heart called?

A

The apex

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14
Q

The process of a heartbeat

A

Impulse starts in the sinoatrial node as an electrical impulse
The impulse travels down the atrial walls causing muscle contractions
The impulse is stopped by a fibrous non-conducting layer apart from at the atrioventricular node
There is a slight time delay before the electrical impulse travels from the AVN down the septum through purkyne tissue to the apexn
A wave of contractions occur from the apex upwards along the ventricular walls

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15
Q

How thick are the atrial walls and why?

A

They are quite thin as they only need to pump the blood to the ventricles

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16
Q

How thick is the right ventricle wall and why?

A

Relatively thick as they need to pump the blood to the lungs

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17
Q

How thick is the wall of the left ventricle and why?

A

Extremely thick as it needs to pump blood around the whole body to respiring cells

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18
Q

What does the P wave represent on a electrocardiogram?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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19
Q

What does the QRS complex represent on a electrocardiogram?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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20
Q

What does the T wave represent on a electrocardiogram?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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21
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

a record of the voltage changes which occur during the cardiac cycle

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22
Q

Why is there a short delay between the excitation of the atria and excitation of the ventricles?

A

Not all the blood has passed into the right ventricle
To allow the atrium to contract fully
So ventricles do not contract too early

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23
Q

What are pressure levels like during diastole?

A

Low in arteries, artia and ventricles

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24
Q

What are pressure levels like during atrial systole?

A

Rises in both atria and ventricles

Stays low in arteries

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25
Q

What are pressure levels like during ventricular systole?

A

Atrial pressure falls
Ventricular pressure rises steeply then suddenly falls as the semilunar valve opens
Artery pressure is high

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26
Q

Progression of the cardiac cycle ( before oxygenation)

A

Deoxygenated blood arrvies in the blood
Blood fills the right atrium
The right atrium contracts
Blood is forced into the right ventricle
The right ventricle contracts
Blood is prevented from flowing back by tricuspid valves
Blood leaves heart through pulmonary artery

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27
Q

Progression of the cardiac cycle ( after oxygenation)

A 
Blood is oxygenated in lungs
Oxygenated blood travels along pulmonary veins
Blood fills the left atrium
The left atrium contracts
Blood is forced into the left ventricles
Blood is prevented from flowing back by bicuspid valves
The left ventricle contracts
Blood leaves heart through aorta
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28
Q

Characteristics of an open circulatory system

A

Blood is not always in the vessels
Insects have a muscular tube that moves blood around the body by peristalsis
Blood enters the heart in insects via pores called ostia
Only exists if the organism is small
In insects blood doesn’t transport the respiratory gases
Movement of blood is slow

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29
Q

Characteristics of a closed circulatory system

A

Blood always stays within vessels
Tissue fluid bathes the cells while blood transports repiratory gases
High pressure

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30
Q

What type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart chambers?

A

Cardiac muscle

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31
Q

What is transport?

A

The movement of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat around the body

32
Q

What are the three main factors affecting the need for a transport system?

A

Size
Surface area to volume ratio
Level of activity

33
Q

How does size affect the need for a transport system?

A

Once an animal has several layers of cells, nutrients and gases cannot penetrate to the deepest layer of cells

34
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio affect the need for a transport system?

A

A small surface area to volume ratio will result in not enough oxygen and nutrients reaching the cells so a transport system is required

35
Q

How do levels of activity affect the need for a transport system?

A

If an animal is very active, more oxygen and nutrients have to be supplied to the respiring cells
If an animal also needs to keep themselves warm, they will need even more energy

36
Q

What are the components of an effective transport system?

A

A medium to carry solutes
A pump to create pressure gradients
Exchange surfaces

37
Q

What are the components for an efficient transport system?

A

Tubes or vessels to carry the blood

Two circuits; one to pick up oxygen and the other to deliver

38
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

A transport system in which blood travels twice through the heart for each complete circulation of the body

39
Q

Characteristics of a single circulatory system

A

Low blood pressure
Blood does not flow very quickly
The rate at which solutes are delivered to repairing tissues are slow

40
Q

Characteristics of a double circulatory system

A

The heart can increase the pressure of blood increase the velocity
Blood can be carried at higher pressures
However, blood pressure cannot rise too high or vessel walls will be damaged

41
Q

Give a description of the heart

A

The heart is a musclar pump that creates pressure to propel the blood through the arteries and around the body

42
Q

Which ventricle pumps oxygenated blood?

A

The left ventricle

43
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery and vein?

A

To transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs so haemoglobin can be loaded with oxygen
The pulmonary vein then transports the oxygenated blood back to the left atrium

44
Q

What are the tendinous cords for?

A

These are string like extensions that attach to valves to prevent valves from turning inside out

45
Q

Why is cardiac muscle described as myogenic?

A

The muscle can contract and relax voluntarily even when it is not connected to the body

46
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

A circulatory system where the blood always remains within the vessels

47
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

A circulatory system where the blood is not always in vessels

48
Q

How open circulation achieved in insects?

A

A long muscular pumping organ helps to pump the blood around the body
Blood enters the heart through pores called ostia
The blood is pumped towards the head via peristalsis

49
Q

What are the characteristics of an artery?

A

Narrow lumen
Thick wall containing collagen for structural strength
Walls contain elastic tissue to allow recoil that maintains pressure
Walls contain smooth muscle that narrows lumen to maintain presure
Endothelium is folded and can unfold when artery streches

50
Q

What are the characteristcs of a vein?

A

Large lumen for easy flow
Walls contain collagen, elastic tissue and smooth muscle but is relatively thin
Have valves to prevent backflow of blood

51
Q

What are the characteristics of capillaries?

A

Walls consist of one layer of squamous endothelial cells

Very narrow lumen to press blood cells against capillary walls

52
Q

What is lymph?

A

Excess tissue fluid that is absorbed into the lymphatic system

53
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

At the arteriol end of the capillary, there is high hydrostatic pressure so blood fluid is pushed out of the capillary through small gaps

54
Q

What forces act upon tissue fluid?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

Osmosis

55
Q

How does tissue fluid return to the blood?

A

At the veniol end, there is a net inflow of tissue fluid as hydrostatic pressure is low and water potential witin the vessel is low

56
Q

What do you have to watch out for when saying blood transports nutrients?

A

There has to be at least one named nutrient or the examiner cannot award the mark

57
Q

Why does the lymph rejoin at the chest cavity?

A

Pressure is lowest just before blood enters the heart so it is easier for the lymph to enter

58
Q

What is the main difference between lymph and tissue fluid?

A

Lymph contains lymphocytes that are prodcued in the lymph nodes

59
Q

What are the lymph nodes for?

A

The lymph nodes filter bacteria and foreign material so the lymphocytes can then engulf and digest them

60
Q

What is the difference between filtration and diffusion?

A

In diffusion, a concentration gradient must be present, however in filtration, there does not need to be a concentration gradient

61
Q

Why does haemoglobin have an affinity for oxygen?

A

The haem groups on haemoblogin have Fe2+ ions that can attract both oxygen and carbon dioxide

62
Q

What is dissociation?

A

When oxyhaemoglobin releases oxygen for respiration

63
Q

What is partial pressure/ oxygen tension?

A

The amount of oxygen that is measured by the relative pressure that contributes to a mixture of gases

64
Q

Why does haemoglobin not take up oxygen very readily at low pO2?

A

The haem groups that attract the oxygen are in the centre of the molecule so it is harder for the oxygen molecules to reach the haem groups

65
Q

What is the conformational change?

A

The slight change in shape accompanied by the first oxygen molecule attaching to a haem group

66
Q

Why can haemoglobin take up the second and third oxygen molecule more readily?

A

The conformational change makes it easier for oxygen molecules to attach to the haem groups

67
Q

Why does the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve level off near the end?

A

The fourth haemoglobin molecule is hard to associate with, so it is therfore very difficult to reach 100% saturation

68
Q

How are the mammalian lungs adapted for transporting oxygen?

A

Partial pressures of oxygen are high enough to fully saturate most haemoglobin molecules

69
Q

Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen?

A

Fetal haemoglobin has to pick up oxygen from regions where adult haemoglobin has released oxygen
So it has adapted to picking up oxygen from regions where there is low partial pressure

70
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Refers to a change in shape of the oxyWhy is the fourth oxygen molecule hard to associate with?haemoglobin curve when carbon dioxide is present

71
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported?

A

5% dissolved in the blood plasma
10% combined directly with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin
85% is transported in the form of hydrogencarbonate ions

72
Q

What are the steps involved in making hydrogencarbonate ions?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells to form carbonic acid using carbonic anhydrase as an enzyme
The carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen and hydrogencarbonate ions
Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell

73
Q

How is the charge of the red blood cell maintained?

A

The hydrogen ions positive charge must be counteracted so chlorine ions move into the red blood cell
This is called the chloride shift

74
Q

How is pH maintained in the red blood cell?

A

Hydrogen ions are taken up by haemoglobin to form haemoglobinic acid

75
Q

Why is haemoglobin referred to as a buffer?

A

It maintains constant pH

76
Q

Why does oxyhaemoglobin dissociate more oxygen when partial pressures of carbon dioxide are high?

A

When there are high concentrations of carbon dioxide, there are more H+ ions present
These H+ ions displaces the oxygen on the haemoglobin so more oxygen is released

77
Q

An increase in partial pressures of carbon dioxide shift the graph..

A

Right

Biology (18 decks)

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