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ANAPHY > THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the __________

A

Alveoli

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2
Q

Organs of the respiratory system

A

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs-alveoli

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3
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

Mucosa on the superior surface

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4
Q

Nasal cavity is lined with?

A

Respiratory mucosa

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5
Q

Respiratory mucosa functions:

A

Moistens air, Traps incoming foreign particles

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6
Q

Lateral walls of nasal cavity have projections called ________________

A

Conchae

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7
Q

Functions of conchae:

A

Increases surface area, Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity

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8
Q

What separates nasal cavity from oral cavity?

A

Palate

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9
Q

Anterior hard palate=

A

Bone

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10
Q

Posterior soft palate

A

Muscle

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11
Q

Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

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12
Q

Functions of the sinuses

A

Lighten the skull, Act as resonance chambers for speech, Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

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13
Q

Paranasal sinuses:

A

Frontal sinuses, Ethmoid sinuses, Sphenoid sinuses, Maxillary sinuses

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14
Q

Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

A

Pharynx (throat)

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15
Q

Three regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Superior region behind nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

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17
Q

Middle region behind mouth

A

Oropharynx

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18
Q

Inferior region attached to larynx

A

Laryngopharynx

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19
Q

Common passageways for air and food

A

Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

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20
Q

Where do auditory tubes enter?

A

nasopharynx

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21
Q

Tonsils of the pharynx:

A

Pharyngeal tonsils, Palatine tonsils, Lingual tonsils

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22
Q

Routes air and food into proper channels, which also plays a role in speech

A

LARYNX

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23
Q

Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis

A

Larynx

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24
Q

Largest hyaline cartilage, which protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)

A

Thyroid cartilage

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25
Q

Superior opening of the larynx

A

Epiglottis

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26
Q

Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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27
Q

Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)

A

Vocal cords

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28
Q

Opening between vocal cords

A

Glottis

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29
Q

Connects larynx with bronchi

A

Trachea

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30
Q

Trachea is lined with _______________

A

Ciliated mucosa

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31
Q

Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

A

Trachea

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32
Q

Formed by division of the trachea

A

Primary bronchi

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33
Q

Primary bronchi enter the lung at the ________________

A

hilus (medial depression)

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34
Q

Occupy most of the thoracic cavity

A

LUNGS

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35
Q

Left lung - _____ lobes

A

two

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36
Q

Right lung - ______ lobes

A

three

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37
Q

What covers the lung surface?

A

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura

38
Q

What lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

39
Q

This fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

A

Pleural fluid

40
Q

Respiratory tree divisions

A

Primary bronch, Secondary bronchi, Tertiary bronchi, Bronchioli, Terminal bronchioli

41
Q

Smallest branches of the bronchi

A

Bronchioles

42
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

Respiratory zone

43
Q

Structure of alveoli:

A

Alveolar duct, Alveolar sac, Alveolus

44
Q

Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar walls, which is also called air-blood barrier

A

Respiratory membrane

45
Q

Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion

A

Gas exchange

46
Q

Moving air in and out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

47
Q

Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

A

External respiration

48
Q

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

A

Respiratory gas transport

49
Q

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

A

Internal respiration

50
Q

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

Inspiration, Expiration

51
Q

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract; The size of the thoracic cavity increases; External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume

A

Inspiration

52
Q

Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity

A

Exhalation

53
Q

Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

A

Nonrespiratory Air movements

54
Q

Examples of nonrespiratory air movements:

A

Cough and sneeze, laughing, crying, yawn, hiccup

55
Q

Normal breathing moves about _____ ml of air with each breath

56
Q

Factors that affect respiratory capacity:

A

A person’s size, Sex, Age, Physical condition

57
Q

After exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs

A

Residual volume of air

58
Q

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

59
Q

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled (1200 ML)

A

Expiratory reserve volume

60
Q

Air in lung after expiration (about 1200 ml)

A

Residual volume

61
Q

The total amount of exchangeable air

A

Vital capacity

62
Q

Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone (350 ml)

A

Functional volume

63
Q

Respiratory capacities are measured with a ___________

A

Spirometer

64
Q

Respiratory sounds are monitored with a ___________

A

Stethoscope

65
Q

Produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi

A

Bronchial sounds

66
Q

Soft sounds of air filling alveoli

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

67
Q

Oxygen movement into the blood

A

Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of lower concentration

68
Q

Where is oxygen attached to during gas transport in the blood

A

hemoglobin

69
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as ________________

A

bicarbonate ion

70
Q

Exchange of gases between blood and body cells

A

Internal respiration

71
Q

Oxygen is loaded into the blood, and carbon dioxide is unloaded

A

External respiration (pulmonary gas exchange)

72
Q

Oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is loaded into the blood

A

Internal respiration

73
Q

What transmit the activity of respiratory muscles to the brain?

A

Phrenic and intercostal nerves

74
Q

Normal respiratory rate is also called __________ (12-15 respirations per minute)

75
Q

It is increased respiratory rate often
due to extra oxygen needs

76
Q

Controls rate and depth

77
Q

Smooth out respiratory rate

78
Q

(Increased or decreased) carbon dioxide increases respiration

79
Q

Major causes of death and disability in the US, which is an exemplified chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

80
Q

People with COPD suffer with labored breathing which is also called _____________

81
Q

Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through; Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis; Cyanosis appears late in the disease

82
Q

Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages become severely inflamed; Mucus production increases; Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange; pneumonia is common; Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early

A

Chronic bronchitis

83
Q

Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the US

A

Lung cancer

84
Q

Three common types of lung cancer:

A

Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Small cell carcinoma

85
Q

Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

86
Q

Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages

87
Q

Lungs are not fully inflated with air until ____ weeks after birth

88
Q

Over secretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system

A

Cystic fibrosis

89
Q

Respiratory rate changes of newborns:

A

40-80 respirations per minute

90
Q

Respiratory rate changes of infants

A

30 respirations per minute

91
Q

Respiration rate changes of age 5

A

25 respirations per minute

92
Q

Respiratory rate changes of adults

A

12-18 respirations per minute

ANAPHY (8 decks)

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