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ANAPHY > THE BLOOD > Flashcards

THE BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

It is the only fluid tissue in the human body.

A

Blood

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2
Q

True or False. Blood is classified as a connective tissue.

A

True

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3
Q

Living cells: Formed elements::Non-living matrix: __________

A

Plasma

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4
Q

How many percent is the plasma in the blood? Formed elements?

A

55%, 45%

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5
Q

A constituent of blood plasma which is a solvent responsible for carrying other substances.

A

Water

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6
Q

Examples of Plasma proteins

A

Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins

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7
Q

It transports oxygen, and help transport carbon dioxide

A

Erythrocytes

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8
Q

Number of Erythrocytes per mm3 of blood

A

4-6 million

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9
Q

Number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood

A

4000-11000

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10
Q

Number of platelets per mm3 of blood

A

250000-500000

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11
Q

What is the color of an oxygen-rich blood

A

Scarlet Red

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12
Q

What is the color of an oxygen-poor blood

A

Dull red

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13
Q

pH range of a blood must remain between 7.35-______

A

7.45

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14
Q

True or False. Body temperature is slightly higher than body temperature.

A

True

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15
Q

Blood plasma composed of approximately ____ of water.

A

90%

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16
Q

Blood plasma includes many dissolves substances.

A

Nutrients, Salts, Respiratory gases, Hormones, Proteins, Waste products

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17
Q

A plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure.

A

Albumin

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18
Q

A plasma protein that help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured.

A

Clotting proteins

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19
Q

A plasma protein help protect the body from antigens

A

Antibodies

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20
Q

The Formed elements:

A

Erythrocytes = red blood cells
Leukocytes = white blood cells
Platelets = cell fragments

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21
Q

Salmon-colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected

A

Erythrocytes

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22
Q

An active phagocyte; number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

Red coarse cytoplasmic granules; Kill parasitic worms; Increase during allergy attack

A

Eosinophils

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24
Q

U- or S-shaped nucleus with constrictions, stains dark blue; Granules contain histamine, which is discharged at sites of inflammation

A

Basophils

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25
Q

A vasodilator chemical

A

Histamine

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26
Q

Cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical dark purple-blue nucleus

A

Lymphocytes

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27
Q

This group of lymphocytes produces antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

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28
Q

A group of lymphocytes involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, and activating B lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes

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29
Q

Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long term “clean-up team”; Increase in number during chronic infections such as TB

A

Monocytes

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30
Q

Different leukocytes under granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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31
Q

Different lymphocytes under agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

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32
Q

Essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; Needed for normal blood clotting; Help to control blood loss from broken blood vessels

A

Plasma

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33
Q

The main function of Erythrocytes is to carry _________.

A

Oxygen

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34
Q

Do Erythrocytes contain nucleus?

A

No

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35
Q

It is an iron-containing protein that binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen.

A

Hemoglobin

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36
Q

How many oxygen binding sites does hemoglobin contains?

A

4

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37
Q

Each erythrocyte has ________ hemoglobin molecules.

A

250 million

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38
Q

In contrast to erythrocytes, it is a complete cell with nucleus and oraganelles

A

Leukocyte

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39
Q

The ability of leukocytes to move into and out of the blood vessels

A

Diapedesis

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40
Q

Leukocytes can move by __________

A

Ameboid motion

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41
Q

Occurs when leukocyte level is above 11,000 leukocytes/mL, which indicates an infection

A

Leukocytosis

42
Q

Occurs when there is an abnormally low leukocyte level, which commonly caused by certain drugs

A

Leukopenia

43
Q

Type of leukocytes in which their granules in their cytoplasm can be stained

A

Granulocytes

44
Q

A type of leukocytes that lack visible cytoplasmic granules

A

Agranulocytes

45
Q

Multilobed nucleus with fine granules; Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

A

Neutrophils

46
Q

Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules; Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms

A

Eosinophils

47
Q

Have histamine-containing granules; Initiate inflammation

A

Basophils

48
Q

Nucleus fills most of the cell; Play an important role in the immune response

A

Lymphocytes

49
Q

Largest of the white blood cells; Function as macrophages; Important in fighting chronic infection

A

Monocytes

50
Q

Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)

A

Platelets

51
Q

Normal platelet count =

A

300,000/mm3

52
Q

Which means blood cell formation

A

Hematopoiesis

53
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

54
Q

All blood cells are derived from a ___________ or ___________

A

common stem cell, hemocytoblast

55
Q

During hemocytoblast differentiation, ____________ stem cell produces lymphocytes.

A

Lymphoid

56
Q

During hemocytoblast differentiation, _________ stem cell produces erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and granulocytes.

A

Myeloid

57
Q

Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins

A

Erythrocytes

58
Q

How many days before erythrocytes wear out?

A

100-120 days

59
Q

When erythrocytes worn out, they are eliminated by phagocytes in the ______ or _______.

A

Spleen, Liver

60
Q

Lost erythrocytes are replaced by __________

A

division of hemocytoblasts

61
Q

The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by the hormone _________

A

Erythropoietin

62
Q

__________ produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood

A

Kidneys

63
Q

True or False. Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

A

True

64
Q

Stoppage of blood flow; Result of a break in a blood vessel

A

Hemostasis

65
Q

Hemostasis involves three phases:

A

Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation

66
Q

Stages of Platelet plug formation

A

Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

67
Q

During the vascular spasms, what do platelets release that caused blood vessel muscles to spasm.

A

Serotonin

68
Q

During vascular spasms, do spasms narrow the blood vessel to decrease blood loss?

A

Yes

69
Q

During coagulation, what do injured tissues release?

A

Thromboplastin

70
Q

_________________ interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade

A

PF3 (a phospholipid)

71
Q

What converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

A

Prothrombin activator

72
Q

What does thrombin join with to form hair-like fibrin, which forms meshwork?

A

Fibrinogen proteins

73
Q

It is the basis for a clot

A

meshwork

74
Q

How long does blood clotting usually occur?

A

3 to 6 minutes

75
Q

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel; Can be deadly in areas like the heart

A

Thrombus

76
Q

A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream; Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

A

Embolus

77
Q

A bleeding disorder that leads to platelet deficiency.

A

Thrombocytopenia

78
Q

During thrombocytopenia, Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

A
79
Q

A hereditary bleeding disorder in which normal clotting factors are missing.

A

Hemophilia

80
Q

Loss of 15 to 30 percent of blood causes ___________

A

Weakness

81
Q

Loss of over ________ causes shock, which can be fatal

A

30 percent

82
Q

True or False. Transfused blood must be of the same blood group.

A

True

83
Q

Why would a foreign protein (antigen) be attack by the immune system?

A

Because it recognizes as “not self”

84
Q

A process in which antibodies is used to identify the type of a blood as it causes blood to clump with the antigen (protein), which determines now the type of blood.

A

Agglutination

85
Q

There are over ____ common red blood cell antigens

A

30

86
Q

The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ______ and _____ blood group antigens

A

ABO, Rh

87
Q

Based on the presence or absence of two antigens: Type A and Type B

A

ABO blood groups

88
Q

The lack of type A and type B antigens is called

A

type O

89
Q

The presence of both A and B is called

A

type AB

90
Q

The presence of either A or B is called types A and B

A

Bonus

91
Q

Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)

A

Rh blood groups

92
Q

Most __________ are Rh+

A

Americans

93
Q

Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood. Why?

A

Because Rh- does not have Rh antigen, that is if exposed to a Rh+, the immune system of Rh- may attack the Rh+ blood.

94
Q

Danger is only when the mother is Rh–and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor. Why?

A

If an Rh- mother is carrying an Rh+ baby, her antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby’s Rh+ red blood cells

95
Q

Why does an Rh- mother usually not face problems during her first pregnancy with an Rh+ baby?

A

In the first pregnancy, the Rh- mother’s immune system is not yet sensitized to the Rh+ blood.

96
Q

What happens during a second pregnancy if an Rh- mother carries another Rh+ baby?

A

After the first pregnancy, the mother’s immune system has been sensitized to the Rh antigen. During a second pregnancy with an Rh+ baby, her body recognizes the Rh+ cells as foreign and produces antibodies against them. These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby’s red blood cells, leading to hemolytic disease.

97
Q

How can mixing blood samples with anti-A and anti-B serum help determine a person’s blood type?

A

When a blood sample is mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum, the presence or absence of coagulation (clumping) shows which antigens are on the red blood cells. If the blood clumps with anti-A serum, it means the blood has A antigens (Type A or AB). If it clumps with anti-B serum, the blood has B antigens (Type B or AB). No clumping with either serum indicates Type O blood. This test can quickly determine a person’s ABO blood type.

98
Q

testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

A

Cross matching

99
Q

What are the early sites of blood cell formation in the fetus?

A

Fetal liver and Spleen

100
Q

When does the bone marrow take over hematopoiesis in fetal development?

A

Seventh month

101
Q

How does fetal hemoglobin differ from hemoglobin produced after birth?

A

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, allowing more efficient oxygen transfer from the placenta to the fetus.

ANAPHY (5 decks)

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