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ANAPHY > THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The second messenger system of the body.

A

The Endocrine System

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2
Q

Other term for chemical messages

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Hormones control several major processes, what are they?

A

Reproduction, Growth and Development, Mobilization of body defenses, Maintenance of much of Homeostasis, Regulation of metabolism

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4
Q

Where do cells secrete hormones into?

A

Extracellular Fluid

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5
Q

What transfers hormones to target sites?

A

Blood

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6
Q

What are the acid-based hormones?

A

Proteins, Peptides, Amines

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7
Q

Steroids are made of?

A

Cholesterol

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8
Q

It is made from highly active lipids.

A

Prostaglandins

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9
Q

True or False. Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (target cells or organs)

A

True

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10
Q

True or False. Hormone binding does not influence the working of cell.

A

False

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11
Q

Hormones can alter cellular activity by __________ and __________ the rate of a normal metabolic process rather than by stimulating of a new one.

A

Increasing and Decreasing

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12
Q

What maintains the hormone levels in the blood?

A

Negative Feedback

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13
Q

A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of (more or less) hormone.

A

More

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14
Q

Will the hormone release stop if the appropriate level in the blood is reached?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What forms when hormone enters the cell and bind with the receptor?

A

Hormone-receptor complex

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16
Q

If the hormone-receptor complex binds to the DNA, what happens?

A

It triggers transcription of certain genes to mRNA.

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17
Q

True or False. Direct gene activation enables synthesis of a new protein.

A

True

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18
Q

What mechanism happens when a hormone binds to a receptor on cell’s surface, activating the G-protein?

A

Second-messenger system

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19
Q

The activated G-protein activates an enzyme that convert ATP to ___________, and is called the second messenger.

A

cAMP

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20
Q

Three stimuli of Endocrine Glands.

A

Hormonal stimuli, Humoral stimuli, Neural stimuli

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21
Q

Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones.

A

Hormonal stimuli

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22
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release.

A

Humoral stimuli

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23
Q

Capillary blood contains (low or high) concentrations of CA2+, which stimulates secretion of ____________ (PTH).

A

low, parathyroid hormone

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24
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.

A

Neural stimuli

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25
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic fiber stimulates adrenal medulla cells to secrete ___________________ (epinephrine and norepinephrine).

A

catecholamines

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26
Q

Major Endocrine Glands

A

Pineal Gland, hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Thymus gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis

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27
Q

Compared to a size of a grape that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus.

A

Pituitary Gland

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28
Q

What protects the pituitary gland?

A

Sphenoid bone

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29
Q

Two functional lobes of pituitary gland

A

Anterior and Posterior

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30
Q

Composed of glandular tissue.

A

Anterior Pituitary

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31
Q

Composed of Nervous tissue.

A

Posterior pituitary

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32
Q

Anterior pituitary has _____ hormones

A

Six

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33
Q

From six anterior pituitary hormones, ______ affect non-endocrine targets.

A

Two

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34
Q

From six anterior pituitary hormones, four stimulate other endocrine glands or _________.

A

Tropic hormones

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35
Q

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones.

A

Proteins, Act thru second-messenger system, regulated by hormonal stimuli (mostly negative feedback)

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36
Q

The general metabolic hormone

A

Growth Hormone

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37
Q

Major effects are directed to growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones. Causes amino acids to be built into proteins. Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy. The one being defined is __________

A

Growth Hormone

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38
Q

Different hormones of Anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone, Prolactin, FSH and LH, Thyrotropic hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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39
Q

Stimulated and maintains milk production; its function for male remains vague.

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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40
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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41
Q

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

42
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

43
Q

Stimulates follicle development in
ovaries; stimulates sperm development in
testes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormones

44
Q

Triggers ovulation; causes ruptured follicle to become the
corpus luteum

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

45
Q

Stimulates testosterone production in
males

46
Q

Referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating
hormone (ICSH)

47
Q

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during
labor; Causes milk ejection

48
Q

Can inhibit urine production

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

49
Q

ADH In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction
leading to increased blood pressure or ___________.

A

Vasopressin

50
Q

Hormones of the Posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

51
Q

Found at the base of the throat and is consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus.

A

Thyroid Gland

52
Q

Thyroid gland produces two hormones

A

Thyroid hormone, Calcitonin

53
Q

It is the major metabolic hormone

A

Thyroid Hormone

54
Q

Thyroid hormone composed of two active iodine-containing hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)

55
Q

It is secreted by the thyroid follicles

A

Thyroxine (T4)

56
Q

Conversion of T4 at target tissues

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

57
Q

Decreases blood
calcium levels by
causing its
deposition on bone

A

Calcitonin

58
Q

Antagonistic to parathyroid
hormone, and is produced by C (parafollicular) cells

A

Calcitonin

59
Q

Tiny masses on the posterior of the
thyroid, which secrets PTH

A

Parathyroid Glands

60
Q

Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium
from bone; Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to
absorb more calcium; Raise calcium levels in the blood

A

Parathyroid hormone

61
Q

Sits on top of the kidneys

A

Adrenal Glands

62
Q

Two glands of Adrenal Gland

A

Cortex, Medulla

63
Q

Outer glandular region in three
layers

64
Q

Inner neural tissue region

65
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Sex Hormones (Androgens and some Estrogen)

66
Q

Produced in outer adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids

67
Q

It targets the kidney, which then regulates mineral content in blood, water and electrolyte balance.

A

Mineralocorticoids

68
Q

Mineralocorticoids production is stimulated by _________ and _________.

A

Renin, Aldosterone

69
Q

Mineralocorticoids production is inhibited by _____________.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

70
Q

Low blood pressure stimulates the release of _________ from kidney, which produces Angiotensin II that increases the release of _____________.

A

renin, aldosterone

71
Q

If aldosterone increases, the absorption of ______ and _______ will increase and the release of K+ will increase, too.

A

Na+, water

72
Q

High blood pressure stimulates the release of _______________ from the heart, to inhibit aldosterone release.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

73
Q

During stress, ____________ is released from the anterior pituitary to increase aldosterone release.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

74
Q

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal
cortex; Promote normal cell metabolism; Help resist long-term stressors

A

Glucocorticoids

75
Q

Released in response to increased blood
levels of ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids

76
Q

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal
cortex

A

Sex Hormones

77
Q

Male: Androgens::Female:

78
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

A

Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine)

79
Q

These hormones prepare the body to
deal with short-term stress

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

80
Q

The pancreas is a mixed gland

A

Pancreatic Islets

81
Q

The islets of the pancreas produce
hormones:

A

Insulin, Glucagon

82
Q

Allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

83
Q

Allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

84
Q

Found on the third ventricle of the brain, which secretes Melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

85
Q

Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles; May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated function

86
Q

Located posterior to the sternum; Largest in infants and children; Produces thymosin

87
Q

Matures some types of white blood cells; Important in developing the immune system

88
Q

Hormones of the ovaries

A

Estrogens, Progesterone

89
Q

What produces Estrogen?

A

Graafian follicles or the placenta

90
Q

True or False. Estrogens stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics

91
Q

Matures female reproductive organs; Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg; Helps maintain pregnancy; Prepares the breasts to produce milk

92
Q

What produces progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

93
Q

Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

A

Progesterone

94
Q

Hormone of the testes that produce androgens

A

Interstitial cells

95
Q

What is the most important androgen that is responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

96
Q

Promotes growth and maturation of male
reproductive system
; Required for sperm cell production

A

Testosterone

97
Q

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues
and Organs

A

Parts of the small intestine, Parts of the stomach, Kidneys, Heart, Many other areas have scattered
endocrine cells

98
Q

Endocrine function of the placenta

A

Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy
Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby
Produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones

99
Q

True or False. Menopause is brought about by lack of
efficiency of the ovaries

100
Q

True or False. Growth hormone production does not decline with age

ANAPHY (8 decks)

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