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ANAPHY > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular System

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2
Q

What allows blood to circulate to all parts of the body.

A

Blood vessels

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3
Q

Functions of the Cardiovascular system:

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients
Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

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4
Q

Location of the heart

A

Thorax between the lungs
Pointed apex directed toward left hip

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5
Q

Is the heart about the size of the fist?

A

Yes

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6
Q

It is a double serous membrane

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

A pericardium that is next to heart

A

Visceral pericardium

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8
Q

A pericardium that is outside the layer

A

Parietal pericardium

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9
Q

What fills the space between the layers of pericardium?

A

Serous fluid

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10
Q

Three layers of the heart:

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

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11
Q

Outside layer; This layer is the parietal pericardium; Connective tissue layer

A

Epicardium

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12
Q

Middle layer; Mostly cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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13
Q

Inner layer; Endothelium

A

Endocardium

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14
Q

Four chambers of the heart:

A

Receiving chambers: Right atrium and Left atrium
Discharging chambers: Right ventricle and Left ventricle

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15
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction

A

Valves of the heart

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16
Q

Four valves of the heart:

A

Bicuspid valve (left), Tricuspid valve (right), Pulmonary semilunar valve, Aortic semilunar valve

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17
Q

A valve between atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves

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18
Q

A valve between ventricle and artery

A

Semilunar valves

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19
Q

What happens to valve when blood is pumped through?

A

It opens

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20
Q

Valves are held in place by ____________ or ____________

A

Chordae tendineae, heart strings

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21
Q

As the blood returns to the heart and fills the atria, what happens to the atrioventricular valves?

A

They are forced to happen

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22
Q

To prevent backflow of blood to atrium, what happens to the ventricles and atrioventricular valves?

A

The ventricles contract
The atrioventricular valves closed

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23
Q

As the ventricles contract and filled with blood, what happens to the semilunar valves?

A

They are forced to open

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24
Q

When the ventricles relax, what happens to the semilunar valve to prevent backflow of blood from atrium to ventricle?

A

They are forced to close

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25
Q

Associated great vessels of the heart

A

Aorta, pulmonary arteries, vena cava, pulmonary veins

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26
Q

This vessel leaves the left ventricle

A

Aorta

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27
Q

This vessel leaves the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary arteries

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28
Q

This vessel enters the right atrium

A

Vena cava

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29
Q

This vessel enters left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

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30
Q

True or False. Blood in the heart chambers does nourish the myocardium.

A

False

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31
Q

True or False. The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system.

A

True

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32
Q

It carries oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle (myocardium), providing it with the nutrients and oxygen it needs to function.

A

Coronary arteries

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33
Q

It collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and carry it away.

A

Cardiac veins

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34
Q

The cardiac veins empty the deoxygenated blood into a large vein called the ___________, which empties the blood into the right atrium.

A

Coronary sinus

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35
Q

What are the parts of the nourishing circulatory system of the heart?

A

Coronary arteries, Cardiac veins, Coronary sinus

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36
Q

Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way.

A

Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

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37
Q

Special tissues that are involve in the nodal system

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

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38
Q

It is the pacemaker, which also initiates the contraction of the heart under the nodal system.

A

Sinoatrial node

39
Q

SA Node generates the impulse → 2. AV Node delays the impulse → 3. AV Bundle sends the impulse to the bundle branches → 4. Bundle Branches carry the impulse down to the Purkinje fibers → 5. Purkinje Fibers spread the impulse to the ventricles, causing contraction.

A

Heart Contraction (study figure 11.5)

40
Q

Systole means __________

A

Contraction

41
Q

Diastole means ____________

A

Relaxation

42
Q

Events of one complete heart beat

A

Cardiac Cycle

43
Q

Blood flows into ventricles

A

Mid-to-late diastole

44
Q

Blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood

A

Ventricular systole

45
Q

Atria finish refilling, ventricular pressure is low

A

Early diastole

46
Q

Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

47
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

A

Stroke volume

48
Q

The more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction.

A

Starling’s law of the heart

49
Q

What is the most common way to change cardiac output.

A

Changing heart rate

50
Q

During stress or emergencies, what activates the heart to beat faster?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

51
Q

What happens when a body experiences physical and emotional trauma, increased body temperature, exercise, decreased blood volume, and low blood pressure?

A

Increased heart rate

52
Q

Two hormones that can increase heart rate:

A

Epinephrine
Thyroxine

53
Q

Why there is a need to increased heart rate during exercise?

A

To supply muscles with oxygen

54
Q

During rest, what activates the heart to slow heart rate.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

55
Q

What happens to a body when it experiences high blood pressure or blood volume, and decreased venous return?

A

Decreased heart rate

56
Q

Parts of the vascular system that takes blood to tissues and back

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins

57
Q

Three layers (tunics) of blood vessels:

A

Tunic intima, Tunic media, Tunic externa

58
Q

A tunic composed of endothelium

A

Tunic intima

59
Q

A tunic composed of smooth muscle and is controlled by the sympathetic NS

A

Tunic media

60
Q

This tunic is composed mostly of fibrous connective tissue

A

Tunic externa

61
Q

True or Fasle. Walls of the veins are the thickest.

A

False, it’s the Arteries

62
Q

True or False. Lumens of veins are longer.

A

True

63
Q

What milks blood in veins toward the heart?

A

Skeletal muscle

64
Q

True or False. Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissues.

A

True

65
Q

Most arterial blood is pumped by the _________

A

Heart

66
Q

What does the veins use to help move blood?

A

Milking action

67
Q

Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels:

A

Vascular shunt, True capillaries

68
Q

What connects the arteriole to a venule?

A

Vascular shunt

69
Q

Known as the exchange vessels

A

True capillaries

70
Q

Direction of the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients at the capillary bed.

A

From blood to tissue cell

71
Q

Direction of the diffusion of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products at the capillary bed.

A

From tissue cell to blood

72
Q

A process in which the blood, rich in nutrients after absorbing nutrients from the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen, flows through the hepatic portal vein directly to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal circulation

73
Q

Oxygenated blood from the mother travels to the fetus through the ______________, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the fetal heart.

A

Umbilical vein

74
Q

Known as the pressure wave of blood

A

Pulse

75
Q

Pulse is monitored at ___________ where it is easily palpated.

A

Pressure points

76
Q

Measurements by health professionals
are made on the pressure in __________________

A

Large arteries

77
Q

Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

78
Q

Pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

79
Q

Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart ____________

A

Increases

80
Q

Different factors that affect blood pressure

A

Neural factors, Renal Factors, Temperature, Chemicals, Diet

81
Q

Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)

A

Neural factors

82
Q

Regulation by altering blood volume

A

Renal factors

83
Q

Also known as hormonal control

A

Renin

84
Q

Heat: Vasodilation effect::Cold:

A

Vasoconstricting effect

85
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

140-110 mm Hg systolic
80-75 mm Hg diastolic

86
Q

Low systolic (below 110 mm HG); Often associated with illness

A

Hypotension

87
Q

High systolic (above 140 mm HG); Can be dangerous if it is chronic

A

Hypertension

88
Q

Substances exchanged due to concentration gradients.

A

Capillary exchange

89
Q

Where does the direct diffusion during capillary exchange occurs

A

Plasma membrane

90
Q

The gaps in capillaries where plasma membrane is not joined by tight junctions.

A

Intercellular clefts

91
Q

Also known as pores

A

Fenestrations

92
Q

A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by the ______________

A

Fourth week

93
Q

The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of

A

Seven weeks

94
Q

Few structural changes occur after the

A

Seventh week

ANAPHY (5 decks)

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