LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards
Also known as the lymph vessel
THE LYMPHATICS
Help maintain the body’s fluid balance, absorb fats from the digestive tract, and provide immune defense against microorganisms and disease
The Lymphatics
Excess interstitial fluid
Lymph
Also called lymphatic fluid
The Lymph
A collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.
The Lymph
Lymph may contain substances such as:
Proteins, Minerals, Fats, Damaged cells, Cancer cells, Germs
Lymph nodes are _________-shaped, about ___ centimeter long, and surrounded by a fibrous ___________ _______________that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments
Kidney, 1, Capsule trabeculae
Help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream
The Lymph Nodes
It provides a place where lymphocytes that function in the immune response can be activated
Lymph nodes
Regional lymph nodes:
Cervical nodes, Axillary nodes, Inguinal nodes
Spleen, a soft organ, is located in the ____________
Left side of the abdominal cavity
Filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris
Spleen
Provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
Spleen
Where does the spleen return the breakdown products of worn-out red blood cells that they destroyed.
Liver
An organ primarily responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells.
Thymus
Small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the mucosa surrounding the pharynx
Tonsils
Tonsils’ job is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the _________
Throat
Referred to as the collection of small lymphoid tissues
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
What is part of the MALT?
Peyer’s patches, the Appendix, Tonsils
Resembles like tonsils that acts as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of foreign matter entering those cavities
Peyer’s patch and Appendix
Divisions of Immune System
Innate (non-specific) defense mechanisms, Adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms
First and second line of defense is part of ________
Innate defense mechanisms
Third line of defense is part of ____________
Adaptive defense mechanisms
First line of defense includes:
Skin, Mucous membranes, Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
Other term for first line of defense
Surface membrane barriers
Forms mechanical barrier that prevents entry of pathogens and other harmful substances in the body
Intact skin (epidermis)
Skin secretions
Acid mantle
What happens if skin secretions make epidermal surface acidic?
It inhibits bacterial growth
It also contains bacteria-killing chemicals
Sebum
Provides resistance againts acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes.
Keratin
Part of intact skin
Acid mantle, Keratin
Part of intact mucous membranes
Mucus, Nasal hairs, Cilia, Gastric juice, Acid mantle of vagina, Lacrimal secretion (tears) and saliva
Traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts
Mucus
Filter and trap microorganisms and other airborne particles in nasal passages.
Nasal hairs
Propel debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages
Cilia
Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach
Gastric juice
Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract
Acid mantle of vagina
Continuously lubricate and cleanse eyes and oral cavity
Lacrimal secretion, saliva
Second line of defense includes
Phagocytic cells, Natural killer cells, Antimicrobial proteins, The inflammatory response, Fever
Unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus infected body cells, or any nonspecific targets
Natural killer cells
When the natural killer cells attack the target cell’s membrane, they release?
Perforin, Granzymes
A lytic chemical that pokes holes in the membrane
Perforin
An enzyme that degrades target cell contents
Granzymes
True or False. Natural killer cells also release powerful inflammatory chemicals.
True
A nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
Inflammatory response
What are the four most common cardinal signs of acute inflammation
Redness, heat, pain, swelling (edema)
A phagocyte, such as a macrophage or neutrophil, engulfs a foreign particle by the process of ______________
Phagocytosis
Flowing cytoplasmic extensions bind to the particle and then pull it inside, forming a ________________
Phagocytic vesicle
The vesicle then fuses with a __________, where enzymes digest its contents.
Lysosome
Journey of pathogens during phagocytosis
Pathogens—Phagosome—Phagolysosome—Residual body
Refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much like inactive clotting proteins
Antimicrobial Proteins: Complement
What happens to the complement when it is attached or fixed to foreign cells such as bacteria, fungi?
It is activated
Activated complement proteins attach to pathogen’s membrane in step-by-step sequence, forming a __________________
Membrane-attack complex (a MAC attack)
After forming the membrane attack complex, it forms a MAC pores that insert itself into the lipid bilayer, which allows water to rush into the cell. What happens to the cell then?
Cell lysis
Any of several related proteins that are produced by the body’s cells as a defensive response to viruses.
Antimicrobial proteins: Interferon
They are important modulators of the immune response.
Interferon
It can also combat bacterial and parasitic infections, inhibit cell division, and promote or impede the differentiation of cells
Interferon
Abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic response to invading microorganisms.
Fever
Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign cells or substances in the body
Pyrogens
Normally the thermostat is set at approximately 37°C (98.6°F), but it can be reset upward in response to _______________
Pyrogens
A functional system that recognizes foreign molecules called antigens and acts to inactivate or destroy them.
Adaptive immune system
Aspects of adaptive immunity
Antigen specific, systemic, memory
Also known as antibody mediated immunity.
Humoral immunity
A defense provided by antibodies (immune poteins) present in the body’s “humors,” or fluids.
Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity because the protective factor is living cells (lymphocytes).
Cellular Immunity
It has cellular targets-virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts.
Cellular arm
Lymphocytes’ direct act against virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts.
Lysing the foreign cells
Indirect act of lymphocytes against foreign cells.
Enhancing the inflammatory response
Any substance capable of provoking an immune response.
The Antigen
Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from _______________ in red bone marrow.
Hemocytoblasts
The immature (called naive) lymphocytes released from the marrow are essentially ____________
Identical
Constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies.
T-cells
It can recognize and eliminate specific virus-infected or tumor cells.
T-lymphocytes
T cells arise from lymphocytes that migrate to the
Thymus
Undergo a maturation process lasting 2 to 3 days, directed by ______________
Thymic hormones
Produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity
B-lymphocytes or B cells
B cells develop immunocompetence in _____________
Bone marrow
After they become immunocompetent, both T cells and B cells migrate to the ____________ and ___________
Lymph nodes, Spleen
When the lymphocytes bind with recognized antigens, they complete their differentiation from naive cells into fully mature T cells and B cells. True or False
True
T cells develop immunocompetence but still naive in the ___________
Thymus
B cells develop immunocompetence but still competence in the __________
Red bone marrow
What determines what foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
GENES
Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells.
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Major types of cells acting as APCs are:
dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes
B lymphocyte is stimulated to complete its development when antigens bind to its surface receptors
Humoral Immune Response
Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections, during which we may develop the signs and symptoms of the disease and suffer a little (or a lot), artificially acquired when we receive vaccines.
Active immunity
Spare us most of the signs and symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that would otherwise occur during the primary response
Vaccines
The weakened antigens are still able to stimulate antibody production and promote immunological memory.
Active immunity
A phenomenon in which a population of people are generally protected because most of a given population is immune to a disease or infection
Herd Immunity
Refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to protect against infection; it gives immediate, but short-lived protection—several weeks to 3 or 4 months at most
Passive immunity
Acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies.
Natural passive immunity
Acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin
Artificial passive immunity
These are proteins made in laboratories that act like proteins called antibodies in our bodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are also called _______ or __________
moAbs, mAbs
Also referred to as immunoglobulins constitute the gamma globulin part of
blood proteins.
Antibodies
These are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen, and they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen.
Antibodies
Different ways on how antibodies inactivate antigens
Complement fixation, Neutralization, Agglutination, Opsonization, Precipitation
Occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites (usually at or close to the site where a cell would bind) on bacterial exotoxins (toxic proteins secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can cause cell injury.
Neutralization
It is an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes.
Opsonization
Formation of clumps of cells or inert particles
Agglutination
Cytotoxic T cells specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer or foreign graft cells directly
Cell-Mediated immunity
T helper cells release cytokine to:
-Stimulating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow and divide
- Attracting other types of protective white blood cells such as neutrophils, into the area
- Enhancing the ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy microorganisms
It releases chemicals that suppress the activity of both T and B cells.
T regulatory cells
These are vital for winding down and stopping the immune response after an antigen has been successfully inactivated or destroyed.
T regulatory cells
This helps prevent uncontrolled or unnecessary immune system activity, which often harms healthy tissues.
T regulatory cells
Its progeny (clone members) form plasma cells and memory cells
B cell
Anti-body producing “machine”, produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin); specialized B cell clone descendant
Plasma cell
Its specialty is killing cells with intracellular antigens, as well as body cells that have become cancerous; involved in graft rejection
Cytotoxic T cell
Descendant of an activated T and B cell; generated during both primary and secondary immune responses
Memory cell
Engulfs and digests antigens that it encounters and presents parts of them on its plasma membrane for recognition by T cells
Antigen-presenting cell
Are tissue grafts transplanted from one
site to another in the same person.
Autografts
Are tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person, the only example being an identical twin
Isografts
Are tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin.
Allografts
Are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species, such as a porcine (pig) heart valve transplanted into a human.
Xenografts
Drugs that prevent your immune system from attacking healthy cells and tissues by mistake.
Immunosuppressive Therapy
Suppress inflammation
Corticosteroids
Prevent division of immune cells
Antiproliferative drugs
