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ANAPHY > LYMPHATIC SYSTEM > Flashcards

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as the lymph vessel

A

THE LYMPHATICS

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2
Q

Help maintain the body’s fluid balance, absorb fats from the digestive tract, and provide immune defense against microorganisms and disease

A

The Lymphatics

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3
Q

Excess interstitial fluid

A

Lymph

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4
Q

Also called lymphatic fluid

A

The Lymph

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5
Q

A collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.

A

The Lymph

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6
Q

Lymph may contain substances such as:

A

Proteins, Minerals, Fats, Damaged cells, Cancer cells, Germs

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7
Q

Lymph nodes are _________-shaped, about ___ centimeter long, and surrounded by a fibrous ___________ _______________that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments

A

Kidney, 1, Capsule trabeculae

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8
Q

Help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream

A

The Lymph Nodes

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9
Q

It provides a place where lymphocytes that function in the immune response can be activated

A

Lymph nodes

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10
Q

Regional lymph nodes:

A

Cervical nodes, Axillary nodes, Inguinal nodes

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11
Q

Spleen, a soft organ, is located in the ____________

A

Left side of the abdominal cavity

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12
Q

Filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris

A

Spleen

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13
Q

Provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance

A

Spleen

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14
Q

Where does the spleen return the breakdown products of worn-out red blood cells that they destroyed.

A

Liver

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15
Q

An organ primarily responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells.

A

Thymus

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16
Q

Small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the mucosa surrounding the pharynx

A

Tonsils

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17
Q

Tonsils’ job is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the _________

A

Throat

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18
Q

Referred to as the collection of small lymphoid tissues

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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19
Q

What is part of the MALT?

A

Peyer’s patches, the Appendix, Tonsils

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20
Q

Resembles like tonsils that acts as a sentinel to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of foreign matter entering those cavities

A

Peyer’s patch and Appendix

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21
Q

Divisions of Immune System

A

Innate (non-specific) defense mechanisms, Adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms

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22
Q

First and second line of defense is part of ________

A

Innate defense mechanisms

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23
Q

Third line of defense is part of ____________

A

Adaptive defense mechanisms

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24
Q

First line of defense includes:

A

Skin, Mucous membranes, Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

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25
Q

Other term for first line of defense

A

Surface membrane barriers

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26
Q

Forms mechanical barrier that prevents entry of pathogens and other harmful substances in the body

A

Intact skin (epidermis)

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27
Q

Skin secretions

A

Acid mantle

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28
Q

What happens if skin secretions make epidermal surface acidic?

A

It inhibits bacterial growth

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29
Q

It also contains bacteria-killing chemicals

A

Sebum

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30
Q

Provides resistance againts acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes.

A

Keratin

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31
Q

Part of intact skin

A

Acid mantle, Keratin

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32
Q

Part of intact mucous membranes

A

Mucus, Nasal hairs, Cilia, Gastric juice, Acid mantle of vagina, Lacrimal secretion (tears) and saliva

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33
Q

Traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts

A

Mucus

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34
Q

Filter and trap microorganisms and other airborne particles in nasal passages.

A

Nasal hairs

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35
Q

Propel debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

A

Cilia

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36
Q

Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach

A

Gastric juice

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37
Q

Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract

A

Acid mantle of vagina

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38
Q

Continuously lubricate and cleanse eyes and oral cavity

A

Lacrimal secretion, saliva

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39
Q

Second line of defense includes

A

Phagocytic cells, Natural killer cells, Antimicrobial proteins, The inflammatory response, Fever

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40
Q

Unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus infected body cells, or any nonspecific targets

A

Natural killer cells

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41
Q

When the natural killer cells attack the target cell’s membrane, they release?

A

Perforin, Granzymes

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42
Q

A lytic chemical that pokes holes in the membrane

A

Perforin

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43
Q

An enzyme that degrades target cell contents

A

Granzymes

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44
Q

True or False. Natural killer cells also release powerful inflammatory chemicals.

A

True

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45
Q

A nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured

A

Inflammatory response

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46
Q

What are the four most common cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

Redness, heat, pain, swelling (edema)

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47
Q

A phagocyte, such as a macrophage or neutrophil, engulfs a foreign particle by the process of ______________

A

Phagocytosis

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48
Q

Flowing cytoplasmic extensions bind to the particle and then pull it inside, forming a ________________

A

Phagocytic vesicle

49
Q

The vesicle then fuses with a __________, where enzymes digest its contents.

A

Lysosome

50
Q

Journey of pathogens during phagocytosis

A

Pathogens—Phagosome—Phagolysosome—Residual body

51
Q

Refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much like inactive clotting proteins

A

Antimicrobial Proteins: Complement

52
Q

What happens to the complement when it is attached or fixed to foreign cells such as bacteria, fungi?

A

It is activated

53
Q

Activated complement proteins attach to pathogen’s membrane in step-by-step sequence, forming a __________________

A

Membrane-attack complex (a MAC attack)

54
Q

After forming the membrane attack complex, it forms a MAC pores that insert itself into the lipid bilayer, which allows water to rush into the cell. What happens to the cell then?

A

Cell lysis

55
Q

Any of several related proteins that are produced by the body’s cells as a defensive response to viruses.

A

Antimicrobial proteins: Interferon

56
Q

They are important modulators of the immune response.

A

Interferon

57
Q

It can also combat bacterial and parasitic infections, inhibit cell division, and promote or impede the differentiation of cells

A

Interferon

58
Q

Abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic response to invading microorganisms.

A

Fever

59
Q

Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign cells or substances in the body

A

Pyrogens

60
Q

Normally the thermostat is set at approximately 37°C (98.6°F), but it can be reset upward in response to _______________

A

Pyrogens

61
Q

A functional system that recognizes foreign molecules called antigens and acts to inactivate or destroy them.

A

Adaptive immune system

62
Q

Aspects of adaptive immunity

A

Antigen specific, systemic, memory

63
Q

Also known as antibody mediated immunity.

A

Humoral immunity

64
Q

A defense provided by antibodies (immune poteins) present in the body’s “humors,” or fluids.

A

Humoral immunity

65
Q

Cell-mediated immunity because the protective factor is living cells (lymphocytes).

A

Cellular Immunity

66
Q

It has cellular targets-virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts.

A

Cellular arm

66
Q

Lymphocytes’ direct act against virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts.

A

Lysing the foreign cells

67
Q

Indirect act of lymphocytes against foreign cells.

A

Enhancing the inflammatory response

68
Q

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response.

A

The Antigen

69
Q

Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from _______________ in red bone marrow.

A

Hemocytoblasts

70
Q

The immature (called naive) lymphocytes released from the marrow are essentially ____________

A

Identical

71
Q

Constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies.

A

T-cells

72
Q

It can recognize and eliminate specific virus-infected or tumor cells.

A

T-lymphocytes

73
Q

T cells arise from lymphocytes that migrate to the

A

Thymus

74
Q

Undergo a maturation process lasting 2 to 3 days, directed by ______________

A

Thymic hormones

75
Q

Produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity

A

B-lymphocytes or B cells

76
Q

B cells develop immunocompetence in _____________

A

Bone marrow

77
Q

After they become immunocompetent, both T cells and B cells migrate to the ____________ and ___________

A

Lymph nodes, Spleen

78
Q

When the lymphocytes bind with recognized antigens, they complete their differentiation from naive cells into fully mature T cells and B cells. True or False

A

True

79
Q

T cells develop immunocompetence but still naive in the ___________

A

Thymus

80
Q

B cells develop immunocompetence but still competence in the __________

A

Red bone marrow

81
Q

What determines what foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

A

GENES

82
Q

Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells.

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells

83
Q

Major types of cells acting as APCs are:

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes

84
Q

B lymphocyte is stimulated to complete its development when antigens bind to its surface receptors

A

Humoral Immune Response

85
Q

Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections, during which we may develop the signs and symptoms of the disease and suffer a little (or a lot), artificially acquired when we receive vaccines.

A

Active immunity

86
Q

Spare us most of the signs and symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that would otherwise occur during the primary response

A

Vaccines

87
Q

The weakened antigens are still able to stimulate antibody production and promote immunological memory.

A

Active immunity

88
Q

A phenomenon in which a population of people are generally protected because most of a given population is immune to a disease or infection

A

Herd Immunity

89
Q

Refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to protect against infection; it gives immediate, but short-lived protection—several weeks to 3 or 4 months at most

A

Passive immunity

90
Q

Acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies.

A

Natural passive immunity

91
Q

Acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin

A

Artificial passive immunity

92
Q

These are proteins made in laboratories that act like proteins called antibodies in our bodies

A

Monoclonal antibodies

93
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are also called _______ or __________

A

moAbs, mAbs

94
Q

Also referred to as immunoglobulins constitute the gamma globulin part of
blood proteins.

A

Antibodies

95
Q

These are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen, and they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen.

A

Antibodies

96
Q

Different ways on how antibodies inactivate antigens

A

Complement fixation, Neutralization, Agglutination, Opsonization, Precipitation

97
Q

Occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites (usually at or close to the site where a cell would bind) on bacterial exotoxins (toxic proteins secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can cause cell injury.

A

Neutralization

98
Q

It is an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes.

A

Opsonization

99
Q

Formation of clumps of cells or inert particles

A

Agglutination

100
Q

Cytotoxic T cells specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer or foreign graft cells directly

A

Cell-Mediated immunity

101
Q

T helper cells release cytokine to:

A

-Stimulating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow and divide
- Attracting other types of protective white blood cells such as neutrophils, into the area
- Enhancing the ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy microorganisms

102
Q

It releases chemicals that suppress the activity of both T and B cells.

A

T regulatory cells

103
Q

These are vital for winding down and stopping the immune response after an antigen has been successfully inactivated or destroyed.

A

T regulatory cells

104
Q

This helps prevent uncontrolled or unnecessary immune system activity, which often harms healthy tissues.

A

T regulatory cells

105
Q

Its progeny (clone members) form plasma cells and memory cells

A

B cell

106
Q

Anti-body producing “machine”, produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin); specialized B cell clone descendant

A

Plasma cell

107
Q

Its specialty is killing cells with intracellular antigens, as well as body cells that have become cancerous; involved in graft rejection

A

Cytotoxic T cell

108
Q

Descendant of an activated T and B cell; generated during both primary and secondary immune responses

A

Memory cell

109
Q

Engulfs and digests antigens that it encounters and presents parts of them on its plasma membrane for recognition by T cells

A

Antigen-presenting cell

110
Q

Are tissue grafts transplanted from one
site to another in the same person.

A

Autografts

111
Q

Are tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person, the only example being an identical twin

A

Isografts

112
Q

Are tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin.

A

Allografts

113
Q

Are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species, such as a porcine (pig) heart valve transplanted into a human.

A

Xenografts

114
Q

Drugs that prevent your immune system from attacking healthy cells and tissues by mistake.

A

Immunosuppressive Therapy

115
Q

Suppress inflammation

A

Corticosteroids

116
Q

Prevent division of immune cells

A

Antiproliferative drugs

117
Q
A

ANAPHY (5 decks)

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