The Respiratory System

Question 1

Ventilation vs respiration

Answer 1

ventilation- simple movement of air into and out of the lungs
respiration - actual exchange of gases

Question 2

Other functions of the respiratory system

Answer 2

ph regulation, thermoregulation, protection from disease and particulate matter

Question 3

effect of hyperventilation vs hypoventilation

Answer 3

hyperventilation raises blood pH while hypoventilation decreases it

Question 4

conduction zone

Answer 4

part of the respiratory system designed to only allow gases to enter and exit the system

the pathway goes from nose to nasal cavity to pharynx (throat) to larynx to trachea to bronchi to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to alveoli.

Question 5

Why does no gas exchange occur in the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 5

The smooth muscle of the walls of the terminal bronchioles is too thick to allow adequate diffusion of gases

Question 6

respiratory zone

Answer 6

region of system where gas exchange occurs, includes the alveolus which is the actual structure across which gases diffuse

Question 7

What allows the respiratory bronchioles to perform gas exchange?

Answer 7

They have a few alveoli scattered in its walls.

Question 8

mucociliary escalator

Answer 8

system of columnar epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract using cilia on their apical surfaces to constantly sweep the layer of mucus toward the pharynx.

This mucus is coughed out.

Question 9

What is involved in gas exchange?

Answer 9

The alveoli, alveolar ducts, and the smallest bronchioles.

Question 10

surfactant function

Answer 10

Soapy substance that coats the alveoli and reduces surface tension

Question 11

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 11

circulation of air into and out of the lungs to continually replace the gases in the alveoli with those in the atmosphere

Question 12

inspiration vs expiration

Answer 12

inspiration of air is an active process driven by contraction of the diaphragm, enlarging the chest cavity

Passive expiration doesn’t require active muscle contraction

Question 13

What two membranes surround the lung?

Answer 13

The parietal pleura, which lines the inside of the chest cavity and the visceral pleura, which lines the surface of the lungs

Question 14

pleural space function

Answer 14

very narrow space between the two pleura, which has negative pressure.

This negative pressure keeps the outer surface of the lungs drawn up against the inside of the chest wall

Question 15

What causes inspiration

Answer 15

muscular expansion of the chest wall, drawing the lungs outward and causing air to enter the system, primarily driven by contraction of the diaphragm. The effect of this contraction is the chest cavity being drawn downward.

Question 16

What causes expiration

Answer 16

It is a passive process driven by elastic recoil of the lungs drawing the chest cavity inward, reducing lung volume and pushing air out of the system and into the atmosphere.

Question 17

What happens during forcible expiration of exertion

Answer 17

Contraction of abdominal muscles helps the expiration process by pressing upward on the diaphragm and shrinking the lungs.

Question 18

What happens to pleural pressure during inspiration

Answer 18

It becomes more negative

Question 19

tidal volume

Answer 19

amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with normal light breathing

Question 20

vital capacity

Answer 20

max amount of air that can be forced out of lungs after first taking the deepest possible breath

Question 21

total lung capacity

Answer 21

vital capacity plus the residual volume

Question 22

residual volume

Answer 22

amount of air that remains in the lungs after the strongest possible expiration

Question 23

What carries deoxygenated blood

Answer 23

the pulmonary artery

Question 24

What is the driving force for the exchange of gases in the lungs?

Answer 24

The difference in partial pressures between alveolar air and the blood

Question 25

respiratory control center

Answer 25

found in medulla of the brain stem, directs breathing

Question 26

What are the chemical stimuli that affect ventilation rate?

Answer 26

pCO2, decreased pH, and decreased pO2, monitored by peripheral and central chemoreceptors

Question 27

What does respiration do to CO2 in the body?

Answer 27

It eliminates it from the body, causing an increase in pH

Question 28

What mechanical stimuli affect ventilation rate?

Answer 28

physical stretching of the lungs and irritants

Question 29

bronchoconstriction

Answer 29

stimulated by chemical irritation of inner lining of the lung, which contains smooth muscle. This results in a parasympathetic contractile response involving release of ACh.

Question 30

bronchodilation

Answer 30

Epinephrine induced, increases ventilation rate causing airway smooth muscles to relax

Question 31

epidermis

Answer 31

outermost layer of the skin lying upon deeper dermis

Question 32

hypodermis

Answer 32

protective insulating layer of fat

Question 33

What is caused by the epidermis being made of epithelial tissue?

Answer 33

The many layers of epithelial cells provide a strong protective structure

Question 34

sensory receptors

Answer 34

found in the dermis, convey info about touch, pressure, pain, and temperature to the central nervous system.

Question 35

What is found in the dermis?

Answer 35

sweat glands, oil gland, and hair follicles

Question 36

What are the strategies to cope with cold weather?

Answer 36

contraction of skeletal muscles, insulation of the skin helps conserve heat, heat loss by conduction is minimized by constriction of blood vessels in the dermis

Question 37

What allows for dissipation of excess heat?

Answer 37

Sweating and dilation of blood vessels in the dermis