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MCAT bio > Circulatory, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

distributes nutrients, transports oxygen and CO2, transports metabolic waste, transports hormones, maintains homeostasis of body temp

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2
Q

ischemia

A

inadequate blood flow

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3
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart at high pressure

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4
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward heart at low pressure

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5
Q

How does blood flow from heart

A

arteries to arterioles to capillaries

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6
Q

How does blood go back to the heart

A

capillaries to venues to veins to heart

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7
Q

role of endothelial cells

A

makes up inner lining of all blood vessels, vasodilation/vasoconstriction, inflammation, angiogenesis, blood clotting (thrombosis)

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8
Q

atria

A

where blood is collected from veins before being pumped into ventricles

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9
Q

ventricles

A

push blood into arteries

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10
Q

right atrium vs left atrium

A

right receives deoxygenated blood to pump into right ventricle and left receives oxygenated blood to pump into left ventricle

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11
Q

AV valve

A

prevents back flow between each ventricle and its atrium

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12
Q

bicuspid valve

A

AV valve between left atrium and left ventricle

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13
Q

diastole

A

ventricles are relaxed and blood is able to flow into them from the atria

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14
Q

systole

A

ventricles contract, causing a buildup of pressure that shuts the AV valves

At the end of systole, blood starts to flow backward from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle and from the aorta into the left ventricle

Semilunar values slam shut when pressure in ventricles is lower

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15
Q

cardiac output formula

A

cardiac output = stroke volume * heart rate

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16
Q

venous return and how it is increased

A

return of blood to heart by vena cava

can be increased by increasing total volume of blood in circulatory system and contraction of large veins that propel blood toward the heart

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17
Q

How do cardiac muscle cells communicate

A

via gap junctions

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18
Q

slow calcium channel

A

involved In cardiac muscle action potential and stays open longer than fast sodium channels, leading to a more depolarization

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19
Q

SA node

A

pacemaker of the heart, initiates each action potential

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20
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

conducts transmission of action potential in heart from atrial syncytium to ventricles

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21
Q

T tubules

A

Where action potentials travel down along in cardiac muscle and calcium enters and is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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22
Q

SA node phases

A

Phase 4 - automatic slow depolarization caused by sodium leak channels
Phase 0 - opening of voltage gated calcium channels driving membrane potential toward positive Ca2+ equilibrium
Phase 3 - repolarization caused by closure of the Ca2+ Channels and opening of the K+ channels

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23
Q

cardiac muscle cell membrane potential phases

A

Phase 0 - depolarization due to increase in Na+ conductance
Phase 1 - initial repolarization due to Na+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening
Phase 3 - repolarization occurs when Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels continue to allow K+ to leave

24
Q

direction of action potential in the heart

A

Action potential starts in SA Node and spreads throughout atria, causing them to contract and fill ventricles with blood

Impulse also travels to AV node, then to the ventricles via the conduction pathway, also known as the AV bundle (bundle of His)

Impulse then moves to Purkinje fibers, which allows the impulse to spread rapidly and evenly over both ventricles

25
Q

vagal tone

A

constant level of inhibition provided by the vagus nerve via release of ACh

26
Q

baroreceptors

A

monitor pressure and notify CNS about needed changes

27
Q

What is the driving force for blood flow

A

difference in pressure from arteries to veins

28
Q

Ohm’s law

A

Delta P = Q * R

P = pressure gradient from arterial system to venous system
Q = blood flow 
R = resistance
29
Q

What determines resistance and how is the sympathetic system involved?

A

degree of constriction of arteriolar smooth muscle

Sympathetic system can increase the overall peripheral resistance

30
Q

What is the lowest arterial pressure occurring at any time during the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastolic pressure

31
Q

local auto regulation

A

tissues in need of extra blood flow are able to requisition it themselves

32
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

plasma, leukocytes, hematocrit

33
Q

Rh factor

A

main antigen used in blood typing, helps determine if blood type will be positive or negative, expressed in classically dominant pattern

34
Q

white blood cell role

A

fights infection and dispose of debris

35
Q

macrophages and neutrophils

A

white blood cells that move by amoeboid motility

36
Q

platelet function

A

aggregate at site of damage to a blood vessel wall and stops bleeding

37
Q

hemoglobin

A

part of RBCs, composed of four polypeptide subunits

38
Q

tense confirmation of hemoglobin

A

when no oxygen is bound, hemoglobin has low affinity for oxygen

39
Q

relaxed conformation of hemoglobin

A

higher affinity for oxygen, causes hemoglobin to communicate with other subunits to increase their affinity for oxygen, causing it to bind oxygen cooperatively.

40
Q

How is Co2 transported in the blood

A

73 % - conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid,
around 20 % - some is stuck onto hemoglobin sites (not oxygen binding sites),
around 7 %- some can dissolve in the blood and be carried from the tissues to the lungs

41
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries amino acids and glucose to the liver

42
Q

How are lipids passed through the bloodstream

A

They are packaged into chylomicrons, which enter tiny lymphatic vessels in the intestinal wall called lacteals, which empty into larger lymphatics.

43
Q

Why does water have a greater tendency to flow out of capillaries?

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure created by heart tends to squeeze water out of capillaries
  2. high osmolarity of the tissues tends to draw water out of the bloodstream
44
Q

lymphatic system function

A

acts like a suction pump to retrieve water, proteins, and white blood cells from the tissues

45
Q

lymph

A

fluid in lymphatic vessels, filtered by lymph nodes

46
Q

innate immunity

A

provides general nonspecific protection against invaders,

includes skin, tears, saliva, blood, stomach acidity, macrophages and neutrophils, and complement system

47
Q

humoral immunity

A

protection by proteins in plasma called antibodies or immunoglobulins

48
Q

antibody variable region

A

responsible for the specificity of the antibodies in recognizing foreign particles, where the antigen binds

49
Q

B cells

A

a type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies, can be plasma cells (actively produced) or memory cells (released when antigen appears)

50
Q

role of T helpers and T killers

A

T helpers activate B cells, T killer cells, and other cells of the immune system

T killer cells destroy abnormal host cells

51
Q

MHC I and MHC II role in cell immunity

A

T killer cells detect viral proteins displayed on MHC I, causing it to become active

MHC II functions as antigen presenting cells and chop up cells. They display the fragments which T helpers recognize. The T helpers then activate B cells specific for the antigen.

52
Q

spleen function

A

filters the blood and is a site of immune cell interactions

53
Q

How is autoimmunity prevented

A

Only the B cells whose surface receptors bind to no normal proteins during maturation are released into circulation. A similar process occurs in T cells.

Without this process, an autoimmune reaction can occur.

54
Q

what are the blood proteins, mostly made by the liver?

A

albumin- essential for maintenance of oncotic pressure, a rise in osmotically active albumin in the serum increases flow of interstitial fluid inot bloodstream, increasing blood pressure
immunoglobulins (antibodies),
fibrinogen (essential for blood clotting, aka hemostasis lipoproteins - transport lipids in the blood stream

55
Q

what is the function of bone marrow stem cells?

A

where formed elements of blood develop from

56
Q

erythrocytes vs leukocytes

A

red vs white blood cells, white blood cells account for less volume in red blood cells

MCAT bio (11 decks)

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