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MCAT bio > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

role of testes

A
  1. synthesis of sperm

2. secretion of male hormones such as androgens and testosterone into the bloodstream

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2
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

sites of spermatogenesis

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3
Q

What produces semen

A

the seminal vesicles, prostrate, and bulbourethral glands

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4
Q

What causes an erection

A

Blood accumulation at high pressure in the erectile tissue

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5
Q

Three stages of male/female sexual act

A

arousal (dependent upon sympathetic system, divided into erection and lubrication), orgasm (dependent upon sympathetic), resolution (dependent upon sympathetic)

Resolution takes longer for females

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6
Q

emission/ejaculation

A

emission - propulsion of sperm and semen into urethra by contractions of smooth muscle surrounding these organs

ejaculation - semen propelled out of urethra by rhythmic contractions of muscles surrounding base of penis

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7
Q

role of sperm

A

to swim through the female genital tract to reach the egg and fuse with it.

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8
Q

germ cells

A

cells that give rise to spermatogonia

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9
Q

spermatogonium role

A

mitotically reproduces prior to meiosis and replicates DNA in S phase of meiosis (GONium is GONna be a sperm)

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10
Q

primary spermatocyte/ secondary spermatocyte

A

meiosis 1/2 (cyte = meiosis)

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11
Q

spermatid

A

turn into spermatozoan (mature sperm)

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12
Q

spermatozoan

A

finish maturing in seminiferous tubule/ epididymus

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13
Q

acrosome

A

compartment on the head of the sperm that contains hydrolytic enzymes required for penetration of the ovum’s protective layers

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14
Q

testosterone role

A

stimulates division of spermatogonia

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15
Q

LH role in men

A

stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

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16
Q

FSH/ inhibin role in men

A

FSH stimulates sustenacular cells

inhibin is secreted by these cells to inhibit FSH release

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17
Q

What is true about the sex development of early embryos

A

They have undifferentiated gonads and possess both Wolffian ducts that can develop into male internal genitalia and Mullerian ducts that can develop into female internal genetalia

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18
Q

What produces Mullerian inhibiting factor/ testosterone and what is its role?

A

testes, causes male internal and external genitalia to form by causing regression of Müllerian ducts

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19
Q

What causes development of testes

A

presence of Y chromosome

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20
Q

What kind of testosterone leads to development of male genitalia?

A

dihydrotestosterone

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21
Q

Wolffian ducts vs Müllerian ducts

A

Wolffian- disappear in female reproductive system

Mullerian - disappear in male reproductive system and form internal genitalia of female system

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22
Q

androgens vs estrogens

A

androgens are involved in development and maintenance of male characteristics and estrogens are involved in development and maintenance of female characteristics

23
Q

What is the role of estrogen

A

At puberty, it is required to regulate the uterine cycle and for the development of female secondary sex characteristics

24
Q

GnRH role

A

found in hypothalamus, stimulates pituitary to release gonadotropins FSH and LH

25
Q

FSH and LH role in women

A

FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen by granulosa cells and LH stimulates formation of corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

26
Q

uterus

A

opens into upper portion of vagina via cervix

27
Q

endometrium

A

innermost lining of uterus responsible for nourishing a developing embryo, shed each month in absence of pregnancy

28
Q

ovary

A

female gonad

29
Q

oogonia

A

produced by mitotic division of germ cells, enter first phase of meiosis and are arrested in prophase I, they are then ovulated as oocytes after puberty

30
Q

What is required for a second meiotic division to occur during oogenesis

A

fertilization of secondary oocyte by sperm

31
Q

Where is primary oocyte found

A

in a clump of supporting cells called granulosa cells creating a follicle

32
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

mature follicle bursts, releasing secondary oocyte with its zone pellucida and protective granulosa cells into the fallopian tube

33
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase - primary follicle matures and secretes estrogen, under control by FSH
ovulatory phase - secondary oocyte is released from ovary, triggered by LH surge from anterior pituitary, remnants of follicle become corpus luteum
luteal phase - begins with full formation of corpus luteum in ovary

34
Q

uterine cycle phases

A
  1. menstruation - triggered by degeneration of corpus luteum and subsequent drop in estrogen and progesterone levels
  2. proliferative phase - estrogen produced by follicle induces proliferation of new endometrium
  3. secretory phase - estrogen and progesterone produced by corpus luteum further increase development of endometrium
35
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

36
Q

When do FSH and LH levels peak?

A

During ovulation

37
Q

When do estrogen levels peak?

A

Right before ovulation

38
Q

hCG function

A

takes the place of LH in maintaining the corpus luteum during pregnancy

39
Q

acrosome reaction

A

mechanism by which sperm penetrates corona radiate to penetrate the zona pellucida

40
Q

bindin

A

a protein in the acrosomal process that binds to receptors in the zona pellucida

41
Q

What occurs as a result of fertilization

A

secondary oocyte completes meiosis II giving rise to an ootid and secondary polar body. This ootid then matures to become an ovum. The sperm and egg then fuse to form a zygote.

42
Q

What are the stages of embryogenesis

A

zygotę to morula (cleavage)

morula to blastocyst

43
Q

placenta

A

facilitates exchange of nutrients, gases, and even antibodies between the maternal and embryonic bloodstreams

44
Q

What structures are derived from the inner cell mass?

A

embryo, amnion, yolk sac, and allantois

45
Q

gastrulation

A

when the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and the endoderm) become distinct

46
Q

What is derived from the ectoderm?

A

entire nervous system, pituitary gland, cornea and lens, epidermis of skin and derivatives, epithelia

47
Q

What is derived from mesoderm

A

all muscle, bone, and connective tissue, cardiovascular/lymphatic system, including blood, urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts), dermis of skin

48
Q

what is derived from endoderm

A 
gi tract epithelium (except mouth/anus)
gi glands
respiratory epithelium 
epithelial lining of urogenital organs and ducts 
urinary bladder
49
Q

neurulation

A

formation of the nervous system, begins when a portion of the ectoderm differentiates into neural plate

50
Q

differentiation/ dedifferentiation

A

when cells specialize, becoming better at performing a particular task

cells can also become unspecialized and totipotent

51
Q

what leads to labor contractions

A

positive feedback release where increased pressure on cervix leads to posterior pituitary increasing oxytocin secretion and oxytocin causing uterine contractions to increase, leading to more pressure on cervix.

52
Q

What causes milk production

A

decrease in estrogen and progesterone after birth leading to prolactin release

53
Q

what is the pathway of sperm from the male testis to point of fertilization

A

sperm travels through the epididymism to the vas deferens and into the urethra, then enters the female vagina, traveling through the cervix and uterus, then entering the fallopian tube

MCAT bio (11 decks)

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