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MCAT bio > Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

organelle

A

small structure within a cell that carries out a specific cellular function

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2
Q

nucleus

A

distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, contains genome surrounded by nuclear envelope

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3
Q

centromeres

A

located near middle of chromosome to ensure proper sorting of newly replicated chromosomes during cell division

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4
Q

heterochromatin vs euchromatin

A

densely packed inaccessible genes vs loosely packed activated genes

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5
Q

nucleolus

A

functions as a ribosome factory

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6
Q

nuclear envelope

A

surrounds the nucleus and separates It from the cytoplasm

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7
Q

ER lumen

A

interior of endoplasmic reticulum, shares space between inner and outer nuclear membrane

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8
Q

nuclear localization sequence

A

allows large proteins to pass through nuclear pores

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9
Q

mitochondria

A

site of oxidative phosphorylation, possess their own genome

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10
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

theory that mitochondria originated as independent unicellular organisms living within larger cells

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11
Q

maternal inheritance

A

mitochondria are inherited only from the mother, since the cytoplasm of the egg becomes the cytoplasm of the zygote

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12
Q

rough vs smooth ER

A

rough - site of protein synthesis for proteins targeted to enter secretory pathway, proteins synthesized here end up secreted into extracellular environment, as integral plasma membrane proteins, or in the membrane or interior of the ER
smooth - contains enzymes involved in steroid hormone synthesis or in the degradation of environmental toxins, involved in glycogen breakdown in liver

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13
Q

signal sequence

A

present on some proteins, recognized by signal recognition particle, which binds to ribosome, determines whether protein will be translated on rough ER.

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14
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

have sections of hydrophobic amino acid residues called transmembrane domains that pass through lipid bilayer membranes

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15
Q

targeting signals and localizations signals

A

targeting- needed if a protein going through secretory path to plasma membrane needs to go elsewhere
localization - for proteins that are made in cytoplasm but need to be sent to an organelle that is not part of the secretory path

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus functions

A
  1. modification of proteins made in rough ER
  2. sorting and sending proteins to their correct destinations
  3. also synthesizes certain macromolecules such as polysaccharides to be secreted

vesicles from ER fuse with cis part and exit the trans face in transport vesicles

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17
Q

constitutive vs regulated secretory pathway

A

proteins sent immediately from Golgi to cell surface vs proteins released at specific times in secretory vesicles

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18
Q

lysosome

A

responsible for degradation of biological macromolecules by hydrolysis, also degrade large particulate matter engulfed by cell by phagocytosis

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19
Q

peroxisomes

A

small organelles that perform a variety of metabolic tasks, metabolize lipids and toxins using H2O2

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20
Q

what are membranes of the cell composed of

A

lipid bilayer membranes, this is how phospholipids arrange themselves spontaneously, have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

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21
Q

cell surface receptors

A

bind extracellular signaling molecules such as hormones

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22
Q

channel proteins

A

allow ions or molecules to cross the membrane

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23
Q

integral vs peripheral membrane proteins

A

embedded in membrane vs stuck to integral membrane proteins

24
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

membrane is sen as a mosaic of lipids and proteins that are free to move back and forth fluidly but aren’t free to flip flop

25
Q

passive vs active transport

A

doesn’t require cellular energy vs requiring cellular energy

26
Q

molarity

A

concentration of solution in terms of moles of solute per volume

27
Q

molality

A

expresses concentration in terms of moles of solute per mass of solvent

28
Q

strong vs weak electrolytes

A

solutes that dissociate completely vs those that remain ion paired to some extent

29
Q

van’t Hoff factor (i)

A

tells us how many ions one unit of a substance will produce in a solution

30
Q

vapor pressure

A

pressure exerted by gaseous phase of a liquid that evaporated from the exposed surface of the liquid

easily vaporizable liquids are volatile

31
Q

boiling point elevation formula

A

solvents boiling point elevation constant * i * molal concentration of solution

32
Q

freezing point depression formula

A

-1 * solvent’s freezing point depression constant * i * molal concentration of solute

33
Q

diffusion vs osmosis

A

diffusion - tendency for liquids and gases to fully occupy the available volume

osmosis - special type of diffusion in which solvent diffuses instead of solute, occurs when membrane is impermeable to solute, water goes from region of low solute concentration to region of higher solute concentration

34
Q

hypertonic vs hypotonic

A

hypertonic - has more total dissolved solutes than cell

hypotonic - has less

35
Q

simple vs facilitated diffusion

A

simple - diffusion of a solute through a membrane without help from a protein

facilitated - movement of a solute across a membrane when the membrane is impermeable to that solute

36
Q

volage gated vs ligand gated ion channels

A

voltage gated channels are opened in response to a change in the electrical potential across the membrane and ligand gated channels open in response to binding of a specific molecule like a neurotransmitter

37
Q

membrane pores

A

tube through membrane which is so large that it isn’t selective for any particular molecule

38
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules through plasma membrane against gradient, can be coupled to ATP hydrolysis (primary) or not coupled directly to ATP hydrolysis (secondary)

39
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

transmembrane protein in plasma membrane of all cells in the body, pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ into the cell

maintains osmotic balance between cellular interior and exterior
establishes resting membrane potential,
provides sodium concentration gradient used to drive secondary activity transport

40
Q

resting membrane potential

A

net negative charge on interior of cell

41
Q

three types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis - cell eating

pinocytosis - nonspecific uptake of small molecules and extraceullar fluid

receptor mediated endocytosis - very specific, site of endocytosis is marked by pits coated with clathrin molecule and with receptors that bind to a specific molecule outside the cell

42
Q

receptors

A

form an important class of integral membrane proteins that transmit signals form the extracellular space into the cytoplasm, binds lignand

43
Q

signal transduction

A

response within cell triggered when a ligand binds to its receptor on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane

44
Q

G protein linked receptor

A

transmits signal into cell with second messenger, which is cyclic AMP, can be stimulatory or inhibitory

45
Q

catalytic receptors

A

have an enzymatic active site on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

46
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides structural support supplied by cell well in bacteria, plants, and fungi, composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

47
Q

cilia

A

small hairs on cell surface that move fluids past cell surface

48
Q

microtubules

A

hollow rod composed of alpha and beta tubular, contains microtubule organizing center, which is essential for mitosis

49
Q

microfilaments

A

rods formed in cytoplasm from polymerization of globular protein actin, dynamic and responsible for gross movements of entire cell

50
Q

intermediate filaments

A

provide strong cell structure

51
Q

what are the cell junctions that link cells together

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

52
Q

four phases of mitosis

A

prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, telophase

53
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated genes that induce cancer, protoncogenes can become this

54
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

produce proteins that are then inherent defense system to prevent conversion of cells into cancer cells

55
Q

caspases

A

required for carrying out apoptosis

56
Q

van’t Hoff equation

A

osmotic pressure = MiRT

M= molarity of solution
I = van't hoff factor
R = universal gas constant (0.0821 L atm/K mol)
T = temp in Kelvins

MCAT bio (11 decks)

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