The Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
What is gross anatomy?
A
study of organs and structures visible to the naked eye
2
Q
what is study of organs and structures visible to the naked eye?
A
gross anatomy
3
Q
how many lobes does each lung have?
A
3 in the right and 2 in the left
4
Q
what are the lobes in the right lung?
A
superior, middle, and inferior
5
Q
what are the lobes in the left lung?
A
superior and inferior
6
Q
what are the divisions between lobes called?
A
fissures
7
Q
what is the hilum?
A
root of the lung where pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter
8
Q
what is the root of the lung where pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter?
A
hilum
9
Q
what is the visceral pleura?
A
epithelial tissue that covers the lungs
10
Q
what is the parietal pleura?
A
epithelial tissue that covers the ribcage, diaphragm, and mediastinum
11
Q
what are the three functions of the pleurae?
A
Reduce friction
Provide a negative pressure environment for lung inflation
Help pull the lungs open with the chest wall during inhalation
12
Q
what are the intercostal muscles?
A
the ones between the ribs
13
Q
what are the muscles between the ribs called?
A
intercostal muscles
14
Q
what are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system?
A
air filtration
air conduction
exchange of gases
15
Q
which structures are involved in air conduction?
A
nostril pharynx larynx trachea main (primary) bronchi bronchioles (secondary and tertiary)
16
Q
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
17
Q
which structures are involved in air filtration?
A
nostrils
trachea
bronchi
18
Q
how are the nostrils involved in filtration?
A
they have hair, cilia, and mucus-producing goblet cells
19
Q
how are the trachea and bronchi involved in air filtration?
A
they have cilia and mucus producing goblet cells
20
Q
what structures are involved in the exchange of gases?
A
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
21
Q
what are three secondary functions of the respiratory system?
A
vocalization
sensing smell
pH regulation
22
Q
what are the 3 things that happen to air as it reaches the lungs?
A
debris is filtered out, it is warmed, and it is humidified
23
Q
what are fossae?
A
nasal cavities
24
Q
what are the nasal cavities called?
A
fossae
25
why are nosebleeds common?
nasal cavities are highly vascularized to help warm air
26
what are the nasal cavities separated by?
the septum
27
what is the vestibule?
the most external part of the nasal cavity, just inside the nostrils
28
what is the septum?
the part that separates the nasal cavities
29
what is the most external portion of the nasal cavity called?
the vestibule
30
what type of tissue is in the vestibule (nostrils)?
stratified squamous epithelium, a continuation of the skin from the face
31
what are vibrissae?
short, thick hairs that filter debris
32
what are the short, thick hairs within the vestibule called?
vibrissae
33
what are the nasal conchae?
folds behind the vestibule that have lots of surface area for warming and humidifying incoming air
34
what are the folds behind the vestibule that have lots of surface area for warming and humidifying incoming air?
nasal conchae
35
what are the 3 advantages of having air and food cross in the pharynx?
Air can come in through the mouth in case the nasal cavity is obstructed
Allows for relatively normal breathing during eating
Allows for greater air intake during heavy exercise
36
what is aspiration?
when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea
37
what is it called when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea?
aspiration
38
what is the glottis?
the opening into the larynx
39
what is the opening into the larynx called?
the glottis
40
what are the vocal folds?
flexible, pliable bands of connective tissue at the edges of the glottis, embedded in mucous membranes
41
what are the flexible, pliable bands of connective tissue at the edges of the glottis, embedded in mucous membranes?
vocal folds
42
what are the single cartilages in the larynx?
epiglottis
cricoid
thyroid
43
what is the epiglottis?
guards the superior opening of the larynx. The stem attaches to the anterior portion of the thyroid cartilage
44
which cartilage guards the superior opening of the larynx. The stem attaches to the anterior portion of the thyroid cartilage?
epiglottis
45
where is the cricoid cartilage?
on the posterior side of the larynx
46
which single cartilage is on the posterior portion of the larynx?
cricoid
47
what is the thyroid cartilage?
Adam's apple, around the anterior portion of the larynx
48
which single cartilage is the Adam's apple, around the anterior portion of the larynx?
thyroid
49
what are the paired cartilages?
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
50
what holds the trachea open?
cartilaginous rings
51
why are the cartilaginous rings on the trachea C-shaped?
to reduce friction against the esophagus, which lies just behind the trachea
52
what is the 'open' region of the trachea bridged by?
a ligament and the trachealis muscle
53
what is the luminal surface?
the inner surface of a tube-like structure
54
what does the cilia in the trachea do?
beats upward to carry out mucus, dust, debris that were aspirated
55
what happens to debris that has been carried up from the trachea?
it can be swallowed or expectorated (spit up)
56
what 2 movements need to happen for swallowing?
Larynx rises and trachea is closed by the epiglottis
| Posterior/superior movement of the soft palate covers the entrance to the nasal passages
57
Name all conductive parts of the respiratory system, starting with the trachea
```
trachea
2 primary bronchi
lobar (secondary) bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
```
58
what is the alveolar duct?
connection between the respiratory bronchiole and the alveolar sacs
59
what is alveolar ventilation?
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
60
what is movement of air into and out of the alveoli?
alveolar ventilation
61
what is the connection between respiratory bronchiole and alveolar sacs?
alveolar duct
62
what are alveoli?
tiny air pockets that represent the site of gas exchange as well as the blood-air barrier
63
what are tiny air pockets that represent the site of gas exchange as well as the blood-air barrier?
alveoli
64
what is a grape-like cluster of alveoli called?
alveolar sac
65
what is histology?
the study of cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope
66
what is the study of cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope?
histology
67
what type of cells are respiratory epithelial cells?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
68
what does ciliated mean?
small hair-like projections on the top of the cells, that beat in an upward sweeping motion, helping to clear debris
69
what are cells with small hair-like projections on the top, that beat in an upward sweeping motion, helping to clear debris?
ciliated
70
what does pseudostratified mean?
appear to be in layers, but all the cells actually attach to the basement membrane ("floor," basal lamina) of the epithelial tissue
71
what term refers to the fact that cells appear to be in layers, but all the cells actually attach to the basement membrane ("floor," basal lamina) of the epithelial tissue
pseudostratified
72
what does columnar mean?
taller than they are wide
73
what term refers to cells that are taller than they are wide?
columnar
74
what are goblet cells?
mucus producing cells, are also present within the epithelium of the respiratory tract. Named for their shape, their mucus helps to trap the debris which is then removed by the cilia
75
what are 2 other epithelial cell types?
stratified squamous
| simple squamous
76
what is stratified squamous epithelium?
layered and flattened, like skin, can be found at the entrance of the respiratory system (ie. In the nostril)
77
what type of epithelial cell is like skin and can be found at the entrance of the respiratory system (ie. In the nostril)
stratified squamous
78
what is simple squamous epithelium?
one layer, flattened, in smaller bronchioles, allows for the exchange of gases to occur
79
what type of epithelial cell is in smaller bronchioles and allows for the exchange of gases to occur
simple squamous
80
what things decrease in content progressively as bronchioles get smaller?
goblet cells, ciliated cells, cartilage
81
what is the apical side?
top side of cells
82
what term refers to the top side of cells?
apical
83
what is the basement membrane?
"floor" of the epithelial tissue, or basal lamina
84
what is the "floor" of epithelial tissue?
basement membrane, or basal lamina
85
what is the basal lamina?
the "floor" of the epithelial tissue, or the basement membrane
86
what is surfactant?
lipoprotein that covers the luminal surface of the alveoli and keeps them from sticking together during exhalation
87
what is the lipoprotein that covers the luminal surface of the alveoli and keeps them from sticking together during exhalation?
surfactant
88
why is surfactant needed?
Alveoli walls are constantly kept moist with water but since they are attracted to each other, the surfactant is needed to break them up and keep the alveoli functioning properly
89
how does surfactant affect premature babies?
The lungs of premature babies often have not yet developed the ability to make surfactant which leads to respiratory issues until their lungs fully develop
90
what 3 cells are in the alveoli?
Type I alveolar
Type II alveolar
Alveolar Macrophages
91
what type of cell makes up 95% of the alveolar epithelium?
Type I alveolar
92
what are Type I alveolar cells?
Thin, simple squamous epithelium in junction with the capillaries
93
what type of cell makes up 5% of alveolar epithelium?
Type II alveolar
94
what are Type II alveolar cells?
dispersed throughout Type I cells. Secrete surfactant and can divide to replace damaged Type I cells
95
which type of cell is the most abundant in the alveoli?
alveolar macrophages
96
what are alveolar macrophages also called?
dust cells
97
what do alveolar macrophages do?
They phagocytize toxic particles, allergens, infectious materials like bacteria or pathogens - thus they are the primary immune defense system of the alveoli. Once they have phagocytized a unit, they migrate toward the ciliary surface of the bronchiolar system to be carried to the mouth and expectorated or swallowed
98
what is the term for dust cells?
alveolar macrophages
99
what are the steps of respiration?
ventilation (breathing) - inspiration/inhalation and expiration/exhalation
external respiration
internal respiration
aerobic cellular respiration
100
what is external respiration?
gas exchange with the environment at a respiratory surface (at the lungs level)
101
what is internal respiration?
gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid (at the tissue level)
102
what is aerobic cellular respiration?
production of ATP in cells (at the cellular level)
103
what conditions are needed for gas to be exchanged by diffusion?
moist
thin
large (relative to body size)
104
how is gas exchange enhanced in humans?
Extensive vascularization of the lungs
Delivery of oxygen to cells is promoted by hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying molecule
Elaborately subdivided lungs - total surface area is estimated to be at least 50x the skin's surface area
105
how do the lungs expand?
Rib cage assists inhalation by lifting superiorly and anteriorly to open and expand the lungs, and then lowering to help exhalation
Diaphragm - dome shaped at rest, flattens as it contracts to pull the lungs open, and rises to help exhalation
106
how is a negative pressure environment created in the lungs?
increase in volume decreases pressure within
107
what is incomplete ventilation?
lungs do not completely empty during exhalation. Therefore, air entering mixes with used air remaining in the lungs, which helps to conserve water and maintain a constant temperature
108
how many hemoglobin molecules are in each red blood cell?
250 million
109
what is it called when hemoglobin combines with oxygen?
oxyhemoglobin
110
how much CO2 is transported by hemoglobin in tissues?
30%
111
what is it called when CO2 combines with hemoglobin?
carbaminohemoglobin
112
how much CO2 is transported in the blood in the form of the bicarbonate ion?
60%
113
how is most CO2 transported through the body?
in the blood in the form of the bicarbonate ion
114
what combines CO2 and H2O in red blood cells to form the bicarbonate ion?
an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase
115
how much CO2 is carried freely in the blood?
10%
116
what does Boyle's law state?
the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. This helps explain why inspiration and expiration can take place
117
what does Charles's law state?
the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature. This helps explain why warming air is beneficial to the respiratory system
118
what does Dalton's law state?
the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures (pp) of the individual gases. ppO2 + ppCO2 + ppN2 = 1 atm. The concentrations and partial pressures of the gases in a mixture will affect the diffusion of each one
119
what is a spirometer?
a device that a subject blows into to measure pulmonary ventilation
120
what is Tidal Volume and its average volume?
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing. Typically about 500mL of air
121
what is Inspiratory Reserve Volume and what is its average volume?
maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation . Typically around 3,000mL of air
122
what is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing. Typically about 500mL of air?
tidal volume
123
what is the maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation . Typically around 3,000mL of air?
inspiratory reserve volume
124
what is expiratory reserve volume and what is its volume?
maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation. Typically around 1,200mL of air
125
what is the maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation. Typically around 1,200mL of air?
expiratory reserve volume
126
what is residual volume and what is its average quantity?
amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled, typically 1,300mL of air
127
what is the amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled, typically 1,300mL of air ?
residual volume
128
what is the vital capacity?
expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
129
what is total lung capacity?
vital capacity + residual volume
130
what is inspiratory capacity?
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
131
what is functional residual capacity?
residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
132
what is respiratory rate?
breaths per minute
133
what is the minute volume?
amount of air moved through your lungs in a minute
134
what is pathology?
studying, classifying, and describing a disease
135
what is studying, classifying, and describing a disease?
pathology
136
what is emphysema?
causes damage to the alveoli, eventually causing the inner walls to become weak and rupture. Loss of alveoli = loss of alveolar ventilation = loss of total gas exchange. Smoking is often a cause and breathing becomes very difficult, even at rest.
137
this disease causes damage to the alveoli, eventually causing the inner walls to become weak and rupture. Loss of alveoli = loss of alveolar ventilation = loss of total gas exchange. Smoking is often a cause and breathing becomes very difficult, even at rest.
emphysema
138
what is cystic fibrosis?
hereditary disease that impacts cells throughout the body. Most notably, respiratory epithelial cells produce mucus without enough saline, which makes it too thick and it clogs the respiratory tract. Chronic respiratory infections eventually lead to respiratory failure, shortening the life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis.
139
this disease is a hereditary disease that impacts cells throughout the body. Most notably, respiratory epithelial cells produce mucus without enough saline, which makes it too thick and it clogs the respiratory tract. Chronic respiratory infections eventually lead to respiratory failure, shortening the life expectancy of patients
cystic fibrosis
140
what is pulmonary edema?
accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Cause by many diseases, like infections, cancers, and congestive heart diseases. When a doctor listens to the lungs, the fluid makes crackle sounds as the fluid-filled alveoli "pop" open
141
this disease is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Cause by many diseases, like infections, cancers, and congestive heart diseases. When a doctor listens to the lungs, the fluid makes crackle sounds as the fluid-filled alveoli "pop" open
pulmonary edema
142
what is auscultation?
when a doctor listens to the lungs through a stethoscope
143
what is it called when a doctor listens to the lungs through a stethoscope
auscultation
144
what is pleurisy?
inflammation of the pleura due to infection, cancer, or injury. Pleural space fills up with air, pus, blood, or other fluids, causing sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The layers of the pleural cavity rub against each other. The increased fluid can make it hard for the doctor to even hear the heart of the patient.
145
this is inflammation of the pleura due to infection, cancer, or injury. Pleural space fills up with air, pus, blood, or other fluids, causing sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The layers of the pleural cavity rub against each other. The increased fluid can make it hard for the doctor to even hear the heart of the patient.
pleurisy
146
what is hemoglobin made of?
4 polypeptide chains, each one folding around an iron-containing group called heme, which forms a loose association with oxygen
147
where does diffusion happen?
between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. O2 and CO2 follow the concentration gradient
