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Anatomy & Physiology I > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main categories of hormones?

A

peptide and steroid

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2
Q

How do peptide hormones work and what are they derived from?

A

can be derived from proteins, peptides, or catecholamines
activate existing enzymes in the cell
act quicker but for a shorter period of time than steroidal hormones

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3
Q

How do steroid hormones work and what are they derived from?

A

derived from cholesterol
synthesize new proteins in the cell
act slower but last longer than peptide hormones
store in fat droplets in the cytoplasm and released at the plasma membrane
bind to receptors in the nucleus, activating specific genes that lead to protein synthesis

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4
Q

what is a hormone-receptor complex?

A

the binding of hormones to receptors in a cell nucleus

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5
Q

what is the binding of hormones to receptors in a cell nucleus called?

A

hormone-receptor complex

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of glands?

A

endocrine

exocrine

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7
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

ductless, secreting their contents directly into the bloodstream

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8
Q

which glands are ductless, secreting their contents directly into the bloodstream?

A

endocrine

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9
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

have ducts that secrete contents into an epithelial surface. i.e. salivary glands

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10
Q

which glands have ducts that secrete contents into an epithelial surface. i.e. salivary glands?

A

exocrine glands

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11
Q

what are the 7 primary endocrine organs?

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
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12
Q

what are the 4 secondary endocrine organs?

A

heart
kidneys
gonads
thymus

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13
Q

which gland regulates the internal environment and homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

what are 4 things the hypothalamus regulates?

A

heart rate
body temperature
water balance
glandular secretions of the pituitary

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15
Q

what does neurosecretory mean?

A

neurons that respond to neurotransmitters AND produce the hormones stored in/released by the posterior pituitary

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16
Q

which 2 hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH

OXT

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17
Q

what does ADH stand for?

A

anti-diuretic hormone

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18
Q

what is another word for ADH?

A

vasopressin

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19
Q

what does ADH do?

A

promotes reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts, which receive urine produced by nephrons within the kidneys

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20
Q

what does OXT stand for?

A

oxytocin

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21
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

causes the uterus to contract through a positive feedback system
Also stimulates release of milk from the mammary glands for nursing

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22
Q

what 3 glands does the anterior pituitary control?

A

thyroid
adrenal cortex
gonads

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23
Q

what are the 6/7 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A 
GH
PRL
MSH
TSH
ACTH
Gonadotropic hormones - FSH and LH
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24
Q

what does GH stand for?

A

growth hormone

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25
Q

what does PRL stand for?

A

prolactin

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26
Q

what does MSH stand for?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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27
Q

what does TSH stand for?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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28
Q

what does ACTH stand for?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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29
Q

what does FSH stand for?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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30
Q

what does LH stand for?

A

luteinizing hormone

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31
Q

what 2 hormones are secreted by the thyroid?

A

thyroxin (T3/T4)

calcitonin

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32
Q

what hormone is secreted by the parathyroid?

A

PTH

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33
Q

what does PTH stand for?

A

parathyroid hormone

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34
Q

what are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

A

medulla (inner) and cortex (outer)

35
Q

what 2 types of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

36
Q

what hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex and what are their types?

A

cortisol - glucocorticoid
aldosterone - mineralocorticoid
small amounts of the opposite sex hormones

37
Q

what 2 hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

38
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

39
Q

what does the exocrine tissue of the pancreas secrete?

A

digestive juices

40
Q

what is another term for the endocrine tissue of the pancreas?

A

pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)

41
Q

what 2 hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin

glucagon

42
Q

what hormone does the kidneys secrete?

A

erythropoietin

43
Q

what hormone do the testes produce?

A

testosterone

44
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen

progesterone

45
Q

what does the thymus produce?

A

thymosins

46
Q

what is a pituitary dwarf and what causes it?

A

when too little GH is produced during childhood

47
Q

what condition results when too little GH is produced during childhood?

A

pituitary dwarf

48
Q

what is a pituitary giant and what causes it?

A

when too much GH is secreted during childhood

49
Q

what condition results when too much GH is secreted during childhood?

A

pituitary giant

50
Q

what is acromegaly and what causes it?

A

when there is too much GH production as an adult. Feet, hands, face become overly large

51
Q

what condition results when there is too much GH production as an adult?

A

acromegaly

52
Q

what is a goiter and what causes it?

A

when the thyroid is enlarged. it wants to produce thyroxin because it has received TSH, but it cannot due to low iodine intake in the diet.

53
Q

what conditions results when the thyroid is enlarged. it wants to produce thyroxin because it has received TSH, but it cannot due to low iodine intake in the diet?

A

goiter

54
Q

what is congenital hypothyroidism and what causes it?

A

low thyroid function since birth. Reduced skeletal growth, sexual immaturity, and abnormal protein metabolism which often leads to intellectual disability

55
Q

what condition results from low thyroid function since birth. Reduced skeletal growth, sexual immaturity, and abnormal protein metabolism which often leads to intellectual disability?

A

congenital hypothyroidism

56
Q

what is tetany and what causes it?

A

low calcium due to low PTH production, which causes muscle cramping and excitable nerves

57
Q

what condition is low calcium due to low PTH production, which causes muscle cramping and excitable nerves?

A

tetany

58
Q

what types of cell secrete insulin?

A

beta

59
Q

what types of cells secrete glucagon?

A

alpha

60
Q

what is anemia and what causes it?

A

cause by low red blood cell count. Therefore, people with kidney disease are often anemic

61
Q

what condition is cause by low red blood cell count. Therefore, people with kidney disease have it?

A

anemia

62
Q

what does ADH do?

A

promotes reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts, which receive urine produced by nephrons within the kidneys

63
Q

what does GH do?

A

dramatically affects physical appearance, determines height and bone structure. Also causes cell growth, cell division, and protein synthesis. Also impact changes on skeletal muscles, liver, and bones. Also promotes growth of cartilaginous plates and causes osteoblasts to form new bone

64
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

produced only during pregnancy and childbirth/nursing. Causes mammary glands to develop and produce milk. Also plays a role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism

65
Q

what does MSH do?

A

stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin synthesis when exposed to the sun

66
Q

what does TSH do?

A

stimulates the thyroid to produce T3 and T4

67
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

68
Q

what does FSH do?

A

sperm development, estrogen production and follicle maturation

69
Q

what does LH do?

A

testosterone development, ovulation and release of progesterone

70
Q

what does thyroxin do?

A

increase metabolic rate in all cells, needed for proper growth and development. Both contain iodine, which is actively transported into the thyroid gland where it can reach concentration as much as 25x greater than in the blood

71
Q

what does calcitonin do and what does it oppose?

A

lowers the level of calcium in the blood and deposits calcium into the bone. Also opposes the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

72
Q

what does PTH do?

A

increases calcium and decreases phosphates in the blood. To increase calcium, it:
§ Stimulates increased absorption of calcium through the intestines
§ Retains calcium through excreting phosphate at the kidneys
§ Promotes activity of osteoclasts to demineralize the bone, increasing calcium in the blood

73
Q

what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A
  • Blood glucose and metabolic rate increase
    • Breathing and heart rate increase
    • Blood vessels in the intestine constrict
    • Blood vessels in the muscles dilate, giving them more stamina
      ○ The sympathetic nervous system initiates these responses, but they are maintained by secretions from the adrenal medulla
74
Q

what hormone is used as an emergency drug to stimulate patients in cardiac arrest?

A

epinephrine

75
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

§ Promotes hydrolysis of muscle proteins to amino acids that enter the blood, leading to an increased level of glucose when the liver converts these amino acids to glucose.
§ Also favors metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates.
§ Raises blood glucose, opposite of insulin.
§ Counteracts the inflammatory response which cause pains and swelling, effectively easing these symptoms

76
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

§ Regulates levels of sodium ions and potassium ions in the blood
□ Blood sodium levels are important for maintaining blood pressure, and concentration of sodium ions indirectly regulates aldosterone secretion
§ Target organ is the kidney, where is promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium
§ “Water follows salt”

77
Q

what does melatonin do?

A

produced primarily at night/in darkness. Regulates circadian rhythms. High melatonin levels at night cause one to get sleepy. Low melatonin levels in the morning helps one to wake up.

78
Q

what does insulin do and what type of cells secrete it?

A

secreted by beta cells of the pancreas when there is a high blood glucose level (usually just after eating). Promotes storage of nutrients so that they are on hand during times of low blood glucose. Helps to lower the blood glucose level. Actions:
§ Stimulates liver, fat, and muscle cells to take up and metabolize glucose
§ Stimulates the liver and muscles to store glucose as glycogen
§ Promotes the buildup of fats and proteins and inhibits their use as an energy source

79
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas between eating, and does the opposite of insulin. Stimulates breakdown of stored nutrients and causes blood glucose to rise.

80
Q

what does erythropoietin do?

A

acts on the bone marrow to cause an increased release of red bloods cells into the bloodstream

81
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

§ Essential for development and functioning of sex organs
§ Necessary for the maturation of sperm
§ Increased testosterone production during puberty stimulates growth of penis and testes
§ Brings about secondary sex characteristics
□ Beard
□ Body hair
□ Pubic hair
§ Causes larynx and vocal chords to enlarge
§ Cause increased muscular strength
§ Causes oil and sweat glands to secrete, leading to acne and body odor
§ Sex drive

82
Q

what does estrogen do?

A

§ In puberty, stimulate growth of uterus and vagina.
§ Necessary for egg maturation in the ovary
§ Responsible for secondary sex characteristics
□ Body hair
□ Fat distribution
® Females are generally more rounded than males due to accumulation of fat beneath the skin
§ Pelvic girdle enlarges, has a larger relative size compared to males
Required for breast development and regulation of the uterine cycle, along with progesterone

83
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

Also released by placenta during pregnancy.
§ Key hormone for maintenance of pregnancy.
§ Required for breast development and regulation of the uterine cycle, along with estrogen

84
Q

what does the thymus do?

A

Certain lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow pass through the thymus and are transformed into T cells, which are involved in the immune response.

Anatomy & Physiology I (10 decks)

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