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Anatomy & Physiology I > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the digestive system?

A

Organs of the alimentary canal, and accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

What is the alimentary canal also called?

A

the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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3
Q

What is another name for the GI tract?

A

the alimentary canal

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4
Q

what structures make up the alimentary canal?

A 
Mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
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5
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A 
Teeth
tongue
gall bladder
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
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6
Q

what forms the opening of the mouth?

A

the lips

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7
Q

what forms the floor of the mouth?

A

the tongue

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8
Q

what does the tongue attach to?

A

hyoid bone (inferior and posterior)
mandible (jawbone)
lingual frenulum

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9
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A

one of the bones that the tongue connects to , underneath and towards the back

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10
Q

what is the mandible?

A

the jawbone. the tongue connect to it

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11
Q

what is the lingual frenulum?

A

vertical mucous membrane by which the body of the tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth

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12
Q

what form the walls of the mouth?

A

cheeks

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13
Q

what forms the roof of the mouth?

A

hard and soft palates

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14
Q

what is the uvula?

A

it forms the posterior border of the mouth and hangs inferiorly from the soft palate

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15
Q

what forms the posterior border of the wall and hangs inferiorly from the soft palate?

A

uvula

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16
Q

what is mastication?

A

chewing of food by the teeth

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17
Q

what is an enzyme that is present in saliva?

A

amylase

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18
Q

what does amylase do?

A

breaks down starches

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19
Q

how many teeth are in the human mouth?

A

32

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20
Q

what is the shape and purpose of incisors?

A

chisel-shaped, for biting

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21
Q

what is the shape and purpose of canines?

A

pointed, for tearing

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22
Q

what is the shape and purpose of premolars?

A

increasingly flat, for grinding

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23
Q

what is the shape and purpose of molars?

A

flat, for crushing

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24
Q

what is the name of the first incisor from center?

A

central incisor

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25
Q

what is the name of the second incisor from center?

A

lateral incisor

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26
Q

what is another name for canines?

A

cuspids

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27
Q

what is another name for cuspids?

A

canines

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28
Q

what is another name for premolars?

A

bicuspids

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29
Q

what is another name for bicuspids?

A

premolars

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30
Q

what structure is the upper arch of teeth located in?

A

the maxilla (hard palate)

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31
Q

what is another term for the hard palate?

A

maxilla

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32
Q

what structure contains the lower arch of teeth?

A

mandible

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33
Q

what are the three main parts of the tooth?

A

crown, neck, and root

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34
Q

what is the crown of the tooth?

A

visible portion that lies above the gumline

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35
Q

what is the neck of the tooth?

A

within the upper portion of the gums (gingiva)

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36
Q

what is gingiva?

A

the gums

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37
Q

what is another term for the gums?

A

gingiva

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38
Q

what is the root of the tooth?

A

largest portion and located within the alveolar process of the jaw bone

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39
Q

what is the pulp cavity of the tooth?

A

in the center of each tooth, contains nerves and blood vessels.

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40
Q

what is in the center of each tooth, contains nerves and blood vessels?

A

pulp cavity

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41
Q

what is nervous innervation?

A

allows for sensations of heat, cold, and pain

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42
Q

what allows for sensations of heat, cold, and pain in the tooth?

A

nervous innervation

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43
Q

what is the root canal?

A

thin, vertical portion of the pulp cavity that reaches down into the alveolar process

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44
Q

what is the thin, vertical portion of the pulp cavity that reaches down into the alveolar process?

A

the root canal

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45
Q

what is dentin?

A

bone-like substance composing most of each tooth

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46
Q

what is the bone-like substance composing most of each tooth?

A

dentin

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47
Q

what is enamel?

A

very hard connective tissue on the surface of the crown, protects the rest of the tooth

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48
Q

what is the very hard connective tissue on the surface of the crown, protects the rest of the tooth?

A

enamel

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49
Q

what does the tongue do?

A

Grips the food and constantly repositions it between the teeth.

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50
Q

what is the bolus?

A

compact mass of chewed-up food

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51
Q

what is a compact mass of chewed-up food?

A

bolus

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52
Q

what are papillae?

A

raised bumps on the tongue

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53
Q

what are the raised bumps on the tongue called?

A

papillae

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54
Q

what are the names of the 3 types of papillae?

A

circumvallate
fungiform
filiform

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55
Q

which papillae contain taste buds?

A

circumvallate and fungiform

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56
Q

which papillae look like 2 concentric domes

A

circumvallate

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57
Q

which papillae look like raised orbs?

A

fungiform

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58
Q

which papillae look more like seaweed?

A

filiform

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59
Q

what are taste buds?

A

chemical receptors that are stimulated by the chemical composition of food

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60
Q

what are chemical receptors that are stimulated by the chemical composition of food?

A

taste buds

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61
Q

where are the taste buds found?

A

primarily on the tongue but also on the surface of the mouth and the wall of the pharynx

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62
Q

what is another word for the pharynx?

A

the throat

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63
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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64
Q

describe the muscles in the pharynx that create peristalsis

A

2 types of skeletal muscles
they contract alternatively
circumferential outer layer
longitudinal inner layer

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65
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the larynx while swallowing.

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66
Q

what is the flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the larynx while swallowing?

A

epiglottis

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67
Q

if food or liquid does get into the larynx, how does the body get it out?

A

coughing

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68
Q

what can aspiration lead to?

A

aspiration pneumonia

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69
Q

what organ extends from the pharynx to the stomach, traveling through an opening in the diaphragm on its way?

A

esophagus

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70
Q

what are the 4 layers of the esophagus, from innermost to outermost?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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71
Q

what is the mucosa in the esophagus?

A

innermost layer, secretes mucus into the interior of the GI tract

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72
Q

what is the submucosa in the esophagus?

A

contains blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, and mucous glands

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73
Q

what are the 2 layers of the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

A

inner circumferential fibers

outer longitudinal fibers

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74
Q

what does the serosa in the esophagus do?

A

made up of cells that make serous fluid

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75
Q

what other organs does the esophagus contain the same types of tissue as?

A

stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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76
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

moves the bolus through the pharynx to the esophagus and into the stomach

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77
Q

what moves the bolus through the pharynx to the esophagus and into the stomach?

A

peristalsis

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78
Q

describe the location of the stomach

A

On the left side of the abdomen, below the diaphragm.

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79
Q

what separates the esophagus from the stomach?

A

cardiac sphincter

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80
Q

what are 2 other terms for the cardiac sphincter?

A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and gastroesophageal sphincter

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81
Q

what are 2 other terms for lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

A

cardiac sphincter and gastroesophageal sphincter

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82
Q

what are 2 other terms for gastroesophageal sphincter?

A

cardiac sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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83
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter?

A

separates stomach from the small intestine

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84
Q

what separates stomach from the small intestine?

A

pyloric sphincter

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85
Q

what is the lesser curvature?

A

concave, extends inward on the shorter side

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86
Q

which part of the stomach is concave, extends inward on the shorter side?

A

lesser curvature

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87
Q

what is the greater curvature?

A

extends outward on the longer side

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88
Q

which part of the stomach extends outward on the longer side?

A

greater curvature

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89
Q

what covers the stomach?

A

peritoneum

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90
Q

what 2 types of peritoneum are attached to the stomach?

A

lesser omentum

greater omentum

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91
Q

where is the lesser omentum?

A

attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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92
Q

which peritoneum attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver?

A

lesser omentum

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93
Q

where is the greater omentum?

A

attaches to the greater curvature and hangs down like an apron, attaching to the posterior wall of the abdomen and covering the transverse colon and anterior of the small intestines

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94
Q

which peritoneum attaches to the greater curvature and hangs down like an apron, attaching to the posterior wall of the abdomen and covering the transverse colon and anterior of the small intestines?

A

greater omentum

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95
Q

what are the 4 parts of the stomach?

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric region

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96
Q

what is the cardia?

A

where food enters the stomach from the cardiac sphincter

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97
Q

what part of the stomach does food enter from the sphincter?

A

cardia

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98
Q

what is the fundus?

A

the dome-shaped top of the stomach just under the diaphragm

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99
Q

what is the dome-shaped top of the stomach just under the diaphragm?

A

fundus

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100
Q

what is the body of the stomach?

A

the wider mid-portion

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101
Q

what is the wider mid-portion of the stomach?

A

the body

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102
Q

what is the pyloric region?

A

funnel-shaped bottom of the stomach

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103
Q

what are the 2 main purposes of the stomach?

A

temporary storage of food

mechanical food breakdown

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104
Q

how much food can the stomach store?

A

up to 2 liters of partially digested food

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105
Q

what are rugae?

A

folds within the stomach wall that allow it to expand when full

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106
Q

what are rugae?

A

folds within the stomach wall that allow it to expand when full

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107
Q

what are folds within the stomach wall that allow it to expand when full?

A

rugae

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108
Q

what is mechanical food breakdown in the stomach?

A

when muscular walls contract vigorously and mix food with juices that are secreted whenever food enters the stomach

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109
Q

what are the 3 layers of stomach muscle, from innermost to outermost?

A

oblique
circular
longitudinal

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110
Q

what is the extra muscular layer in the stomach called and what does it do?

A

oblique layer, allows the stomach to mix food more efficiently with the gastric juices

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111
Q

what protects the wall of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum?

A

a thick layer of mucus

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112
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

the beginning of the small intestine

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113
Q

what happens is gastric juice penetrates the mucus?

A

pepsin starts to digest stomach or duodenal lining, and can cause an ulcer

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114
Q

what is an ulcer?

A

which is an open sore caused by the gradual disintegration of tissues

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115
Q

what are 2 causes of ulcers?

A

bacterial infections

overuse of certain drugs

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116
Q

describe how a bacterial infection can cause an ulcer

A

Bacterial infection from Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) eats away at mucosal lining. Once a hole is formed, gastric juice enters other areas in the abdominal region, causing bleeding or damage to other organs.

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117
Q

describe how the overuse of certain drugs can cause an ulcer

A

Overuse of drugs like NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and aspirin, which damage the mucosal lining of the stomach

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118
Q

what is chyme?

A

contents of the stomach, a thick, soupy consistency

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119
Q

what are the contents of the stomach, a thick, soupy consistency called?

A

chyme

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120
Q

how does chyme enter the pyloric sphincter?

A

Relaxation of the pyloric sphincter allows some chyme to enter the duodenum, setting off a reflex that causes it to close back up, and the process repeats. This allows chyme to enter the small intestine slowly for thorough digestion

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121
Q

how long is the small intestine?

A

20 feet

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122
Q

which openings does the small intestine run to and from?

A

pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

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123
Q

what is the longest part of the GI tract?

A

small intestine

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124
Q

what is the ileocecal valve?

A

it controls the entrance from the small intestine to the large intestine

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125
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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126
Q

what is the shortest section of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

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127
Q

what is the duodenum and what happens there?

A

shortest section, where enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver enter the small intestine

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128
Q

what is the jejunum?

A

second section of the small intestine

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129
Q

what is the ileum?

A

third section of the small intestine, slightly longer than the jejunum

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130
Q

what are the 3 structure of the small intestine that increase food absorption?

A

circular folds
villi
microvilli

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131
Q

what do the circular folds of the small intestine do?

A

increase surface area

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132
Q

what are villi?

A

small, finger-like projections in the small intestine

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133
Q

what are microvilli?

A

even smaller projections, protruding from villi

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134
Q

what parts of food are digested when chyme enters the small intestine?

A

proteins and carbohydrates are partially digested. fat is undigested

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135
Q

which digestive system role is mainly filled by the small intestine?

A

absorption

136
Q

what does each villus contain?

A

blood vessels

lacteals

137
Q

what is a lacteal?

A

a lymphatic vessel

138
Q

what is a lymphatic vessel in the small intestine called?

A

lacteal

139
Q

what do villi do?

A

absorb molecules

140
Q

where are nutrients carried to before entering general blood circulation?

A

hepatic portal circulation

141
Q

where is the hepatic portal circulation?

A

the liver

142
Q

what nutrients are absorbed into the capillary beds within the villi?

A

sugars and amino acids

143
Q

how are sugars and amino acids absorbed?

A

they enter villi cells and then get absorbed into the capillary beds within the villi

144
Q

what nutrients are too large to enter capillaries?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

145
Q

how are glycerol and fatty acids absorbed?

A

they are transported to the lacteals

146
Q

describe the path for fatty acids from the villi to the bloodstream

A

Fatty acids enter villi cells, get reassembled into fat molecules, and then move into the lacteals. They eventually connect to general blood circulation at the thoracic duct.

147
Q

what type of cells produce intestinal enzymes?

A

epithelial cells

148
Q

where do intestinal enzymes attach?

A

the plasma membrane of microvilli

149
Q

what do intestinal enzymes digest?

A

peptides and sugars

150
Q

where does the large intestine extend to and from?

A

the ileocecal valve to the anus

151
Q

what are the 8 parts of the large intestine?

A 
cecum
appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
152
Q

what is the cecum?

A

entrance to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve

153
Q

what is the entrance to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve?

A

cecum

154
Q

what is the appendix?

A

hangs from the cecum and is usually twisted

155
Q

what hangs from the cecum and is usually twisted?

A

appendix

156
Q

what is appendicitis?

A

when bacteria accumulates and causes inflammation of the appendix

157
Q

what is it called when bacteria accumulates and causes inflammation of the appendix?

A

appendicitis

158
Q

where is the ascending colon?

A

runs superiorly along the right side of the abdomen

159
Q

which part of the colon runs superiorly along the right side of the abdomen?

A

ascending colon

160
Q

what connects the ascending colon to the transverse colon?

A

Right colic (hepatic) flexure

161
Q

what is the right colic (hepatic) flexure?

A

it connects the ascending colon to the transverse colon

162
Q

where is the transvers colon?

A

runs across the abdomen

163
Q

which part of the colon runs across the abdomen?

A

transverse colon

164
Q

what connects the transverse colon to the descending colon?

A

left colic (splenic) flexure

165
Q

what is the left colic (splenic) flexure?

A

it connects the transverse colon to the descending colon

166
Q

where is the descending colon?

A

runs along the left side of the abdomen, superiorly to the sigmoid colon

167
Q

which part of the colon runs along the left side of the abdomen, superiorly to the sigmoid colon?

A

descending colon

168
Q

where is the sigmoid colon?

A

travels through the pelvis, connecting with the rectum

169
Q

what part of the colon travels through the pelvis, connecting with the rectum?

A

sigmoid colon

170
Q

what is the rectum?

A

connects to the anal canal where feces is expelled through the anus. Last 20cm of the large intestine.

171
Q

what connects to the anal canal where feces is expelled through the anus. Last 20cm of the large intestine?

A

rectum

172
Q

how long is the rectum?

A

20cm

173
Q

what is the anal canal?

A

the end of the GI tract

174
Q

what is the end of the GI tract?

A

the anal canal

175
Q

what are the 2 sphincters in the anal canal?

A

internal

external

176
Q

what is the internal anal sphincter?

A

involuntary smooth muscle

177
Q

what is the external anal sphincter?

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

178
Q

what is the main function of the large intestine?

A

to propel waste from the body

179
Q

what are secondary functions of the large intestine?

A

reabsorb some water and electrolytes

180
Q

how much water enters the digestive tract daily through eating and drinking?

A

1.5 liters

181
Q

how much water enters the digestive tract daily, carrying the various substances secreted by the digestive glands?

A

8.5 liters

182
Q

where does the water that enters the digestive tract go?

A

95% is absorbed by the small intestine

much of the remaining 5% is absorbed into the cells of the walls of the colon

183
Q

what vitamins are absorbed by the cells of the walls of the colon, and how are they produced?

A

vitamins K and some B vitamins, produced by intestinal bacteria

184
Q

what happens when materials pass through the colon too quickly?

A

excess water is no reabsorbed and diarrhea will result

185
Q

what can extreme/prolonged diarrhea cause?

A

dehydration and electrolyte loss

186
Q

what is feces made up of?

A

75% water

25% solid matter

187
Q

of the 25% of feces that is made up of solid matter, what is its composition?

A

almost 1/3 intestinal bacteria
the remainder is undigested plant material, fats, waste products, inorganic material, mucus, and dead cells from intestinal lining

188
Q

which organs send secretions to the duodenum?

A

liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

189
Q

where is the pancreas?

A

deep within the abdominal wall

190
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

sends pancreatic juice to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

191
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain?

A

sodium bicarbonate

digestive enzymes

192
Q

what does sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas do?

A

neutralizes the chyme and makes the pH of the small intestine slightly basic

193
Q

what neutralizes the chyme and makes the pH of the small intestine slightly basic?

A

sodium bicarbonate

194
Q

what are 3 digestive enzymes that the pancreas makes?

A

pancreatic amylase
trypsin
lipase

195
Q

what does pancreatic amylase do?

A

digests starch to maltose

196
Q

what does trypsin do?

A

digests protein to peptides

197
Q

what does lipase do?

A

digest fat droplets to glycerol and fatty acids

198
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

area where both the pancreatic duct and hepatic duct empty into the duodenum

199
Q

what is the area where both the pancreatic duct and hepatic duct empty into the duodenum?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

200
Q

what are the 3 functions of the liver?

A

produces bile
stores glucose as glycogen
produces urea

201
Q

where is bile stored?

A

in the gallbladder

202
Q

what does bile do once it goes to the small intestine?

A

emulsifies fats

203
Q

how is bile sent to the duodenum?

A

via the common bile duct

204
Q

why does bile look green?

A

it contains pigments that are products of hemoglobin breakdown

205
Q

what are bile salts?

A

emulsifying agents that break fat up into fat droplets that can mix with water. Emulsified fat is more easily processed by enzymes.

206
Q

what does the liver do between meals?

A

breaks down glycogen to glucose to maintain a constant glucose concentration (homeostasis) in the blood.

207
Q

what is urea produced from?

A

amino groups that are removed from excess amino acids

208
Q

which pancreatic enzyme digests starch to maltose?

A

pancreatic amylase

209
Q

which pancreatic enzyme digests protein to peptides?

A

trypsin

210
Q

which pancreatic enzyme digests fat droplets to glycerol and fatty acids?

A

lipase

211
Q

what are the 4 main roles of the digestive system?

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
defecation

212
Q

what is ingestion?

A

when food enters the mouth

213
Q

what is is called when food enters the mouth?

A

ingestion

214
Q

what is digestion?

A

food breakdown that occurs when food is moved, mixed, and exposed to enzymes along the GI tract

215
Q

what is food breakdown that occurs when food is moved, mixed, and exposed to enzymes along the GI tract?

A

digestion

216
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

food is physically broken down into smaller pieces

217
Q

what is it called when food is physically broken down into smaller pieces?

A

mechanical digestion

218
Q

what are 3 examples of mechanical digestion?

A

When teeth chew food
When the stomach churns and mixes food
As food is moved and squeezed along the GI tract

219
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

chemical breakdown of food by enzymes into smaller nutrients

220
Q

what is the chemical breakdown of food by enzymes into smaller nutrients called?

A

chemical digestion

221
Q

what is absorption?

A

moving digested food into the bloodstream

222
Q

what is moving digested food into the bloodstream called?

A

absorption

223
Q

what is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus?

A

defecation

224
Q

what is defecation?

A

excretion of indigestible food from the anus

225
Q

how is chemical digestion carried out in the mouth?

A

saliva is released by the salivary glands

226
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands?

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

227
Q

what is salivary amylase?

A

enzyme in saliva that begins the chemical breakdown of starches

228
Q

what is the enzyme in saliva that begins the chemical breakdown of starches?

A

salivary amylase

229
Q

how is mechanical digestion done in the mouth?

A

Food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth and the tongue, becoming the bolus
The bolus is swallowed into the pharynx and then moved into the esophagus with peristalsis

230
Q

in which 2 structures does no ingestion, digestion, absorption, or defecation happen?

A

pharynx and esophagus

231
Q

how much absorption happens in the stomach?

A

little to none

232
Q

what is gastrin?

A

a hormone that stimulates the stomach to secrete gastric juices

233
Q

what 3 things are in gastric juices?

A

Pepsinogens
Mucus
Hydrochloric acid

234
Q

what are pepsinogens?

A

a pre-enzyme secreted by the chief cells in the stomach

235
Q

what is a pre-enzyme secreted by the chief cells in the stomach?

A

pepsinogen

236
Q

how does hydrochloric acid interact with pepsinogens?

A

Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, which begins the breakdown of proteins

237
Q

what secretes hydrochloric acid?

A

the parietal cells in the wall of the stomach body

238
Q

what do the parietal cells in the wall of the stomach body secrete?

A

hydrochloric acid

239
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do?

A

Generates a very acidic pH of 1.3-3.5
Kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food
Low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase
Activates pepsin

240
Q

what does stomach mucus do?

A

protects the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid and pepsinogens

241
Q

what protects the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid and pepsinogens?

A

mucus

242
Q

how does the stomach do mechanical digestion?

A

Muscularis externa churns and mixes the food, breaking it into smaller pieces
Peristalsis moves the food toward the small intestine

243
Q

what happens in the small intestine?

A

Digestion continues and absorption begins. By the end of the small intestine, digestion is complete and most absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream has happened. Bacteria, undigested food, and water remain

244
Q

what are the 2 hormones that chyme stimulates the small intestine to make?

A

cholecystokinin

secretin

245
Q

what does cholecystokinin do?

A

causes the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete more juice

246
Q

what does secretin do?

A

causes the liver to secrete bile and the pancreas to secrete more juice

247
Q

what does bile do?

A

breaks down fat into smaller pieces and is needed for the absorption of fats

248
Q

what are the result of the first step of protein digestion?

A

peptides

249
Q

what happens to peptides in the small intestine?

A

they are digested by peptidases to amino acids

250
Q

what is the result of the first step of starch digestion?

A

maltose

251
Q

what happens to maltose in the small intestine?

A

it is digested by maltase to glucose

252
Q

what happens in the large intestine?

A

What remains of food enters via ileocecal valve
The undigested food is compacted to be prepared for defecation
Water is absorbed to form feces
Vitamins and ions are also absorbed
Bacteria metabolize the remaining nutrients, producing vitamins K and B
Feces travels to the rectum where it is defecated via the anus

253
Q

what is satiety?

A

the sensation of being full

254
Q

what is the sensation of being full?

A

satiety

255
Q

what is hunger?

A

the internal drive to find and eat food, often experienced as a negative sensation (churning, growling, pain in the stomach)

256
Q

what is the internal drive to find and eat food, often experienced as a negative sensation (churning, growling, pain in the stomach)?

A

hunger

257
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

region in the brain that plays a role in hunger and satiety

258
Q

what is the region in the brain that plays a role in hunger and satiety?

A

hypothalamus

259
Q

what happens if the hypothalamus is damaged?

A

can take away the ability to regulate hunger/satiety. Weight gain is almost certain in these instances

260
Q

how is the hypothalamus triggered?

A

Drop in blood nutrients stimulates the feeding center in the hypothalamus and signals the body to feel hungry
When blood nutrients rise, the satiety center is activated and the desire to continue eating declines
Constantly processing signals from a variety of nerves in the body that influence food intake

261
Q

how does the stomach manage satiety?

A

As the stomach expands, receptors within the stomach wall send signals to the brain and the desire to keep eating declines

262
Q

what hormones increase hunger?

A

ghrelin
endorphins
neuropeptide-Y

263
Q

what hormones decrease hunger?

A

leptin
serotonin
cholecystokinin (CCK)

264
Q

where is ghrelin produced and how does it work?

A

by the stomach, stimulates the hunger center as it deactivates the satiety center

265
Q

where is leptin produced and how does it work?

A

by adipose tissue (fat cells), alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center and activate the satiety center while eating

266
Q

what are the 3 major biochemical categories of food?

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids

267
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

starches and sugars

268
Q

which biochemical food group is starches and sugars?

A

carbohydrates

269
Q

what are examples of sugars?

A

milk, fruit

270
Q

what are examples of starches?

A

grain, starchy vegetables

271
Q

what are proteins?

A

made up of amino acids

272
Q

which biochemical food group is made up of amino acids?

A

proteins

273
Q

what are complete proteins?

A

ones that contain all 9 essential amino acids

274
Q

what are essential amino acids?

A

one that we are unable to make

275
Q

how many essential amino acids are there for adults?

A

9

276
Q

how many essential amino acids are there for infants?

A

10

277
Q

what are some examples of complete proteins?

A

Meat, poultry, eggs, milk, dairy products, soybeans

278
Q

what are incomplete proteins?

A

ones that do not contain all 9 essential amino acids

279
Q

what are some examples of incomplete proteins

A

grains, legumes, seeds, nuts

280
Q

which proteins contain all 9 essential amino acids?

A

complete proteins

281
Q

which proteins do not contain all 9 essential amino acids?

A

incomplete proteins

282
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids?

A

saturated fat
unsaturated fat
cholesterol

283
Q

what are examples of saturated fat?

A

meat and dairy products (butter)

284
Q

what are examples of unsaturated fat?

A

nuts and vegetable oils (olive oil)

285
Q

what are examples of cholesterol?

A

meat (beef), cheese, eggs (yolk)

286
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic compounds that are not consumed in metabolic reaction but help enzymes carry out metabolic reactions. Vitamins maintain growth and good cellular health

287
Q

what are the 2 types of vitamins?

A

water-soluble

fat-soluble

288
Q

what are water-soluble vitamins?

A

not able to be stored in the body, excreted in the urine

289
Q

what are fat-soluble vitamins?

A

stored in body fat. Ingesting too much can be problematic

290
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic compounds. Like vitamins, not consumed in metabolic reaction but combined with other nutrients to form necessary body substances

291
Q

what are some good sources of minerals?

A

milk, some meats, legumes, and vegetables

292
Q

what are the 7 essential minerals?

A 
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
293
Q

how many other minerals are needed, in trace amounts?

A

12

294
Q

what is metabolism?

A

set of chemical reactions essential for sustaining life

295
Q

what is the set of chemical reactions essential for sustaining life?

A

metabolism

296
Q

what is anabolism and when is it used?

A

smaller molecules are combined to make larger, more complex molecules. Used during growth and repair phases of the cell

297
Q

what is it called when smaller molecules are combined to make larger, more complex molecules?

A

anabolism

298
Q

what is catabolism?

A

set of reactions where large molecules are broken down to be used as energy sources

299
Q

what is a set of reactions where large molecules are broken down to be used as energy sources?

A

catabolism

300
Q

what is ATP?

A

most widely used form of energy in the cells

Can donate one phosphate group, transferring energy from catabolic reactions to be used for anabolism

301
Q

what is ADP?

A

adenosine diphosphate - one less phosphate group than ATP

302
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

the process by which cells generate ATP.

303
Q

what is the process by which cells generate ATP?

A

cellular respiration

304
Q

what is aerobic respiration, what does it require, and what does it release?

A

most organisms use this type of respiration. Requires oxygen and a fuel, and releases CO2, H2O, and ATP

305
Q

most organisms use this type of respiration. Requires oxygen and a fuel, and releases CO2, H2O, and ATP

A

aerobic respiration

306
Q

when is glucose metabolism used?

A

primarily during high energy demands

307
Q

what compound is used primarily during high energy demands?

A

glucose

308
Q

how many ATP molecules can 1 molecule of glucose yield?

A

up to 38

309
Q

when is lipid metabolism used?

A

primarily during low-energy activities

310
Q

what compound is primarily used for low-energy activities?

A

lipids

311
Q

where are lipids metabolized, and how?

A

in the liver, with the beta-oxidation process

312
Q

how much ATP do lipids yield?

A

twice as much as when a carbohydrate or protein is broken down

313
Q

what are lipids broken down into in the mitochondria?

A

acetic acid

314
Q

when is protein metabolism used?

A

only when carbohydrates and fats are not available

315
Q

what is made when the amino group is removed from proteins?

A

ammonia

316
Q

how is ammonia made?

A

when the amino group is removed from proteins

317
Q

how is acetic acid made?

A

when lipids are broken down in the mitochondria

318
Q

what is ammonia converted to, where, and how?

A

to urea, in the liver, by combining ammonia with CO2

319
Q

Why do the circumferential and longitudinal muscle layers switch from pharynx to esophagus?

A

This is due to the transition from voluntary muscle movement to involuntary

320
Q

What are 4 functions of the large intestine?

A

It has bacteria
Water absorption
Compaction
Defecation

321
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pyloric region?

A

Pyloric antrum (first) and pyloric canal (between the antrum and the sphincter)

322
Q

What is another name for the pyloric region?

A

Pyloris

323
Q

What controls peristalsis?

A

Autonomic nervous system

324
Q

What type of cells are villi lined with?

A

Absorptive cells

325
Q

What is the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

A backup if the main one gets backed up

326
Q

What is the backup pancreatic duct called?

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

327
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

From the gallbladder to the common bile duct

328
Q

What is the area from the gallbladder to the common bile duct called?

A

Cystic duct

329
Q

What is the common hepatic duct?

A

From the liver to the common bile duct

330
Q

What is the area from the liver to the common bile duct called?

A

Common hepatic duct

331
Q

What are some water-soluble vitamins?

A

B1, B2, B3, folic acid

332
Q

What are some fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, K

333
Q

What does the suffix -ogen mean?

A

A pre-enzyme

334
Q

Which type of metabolism requires energy?

A

Anabolism

335
Q

Which type of metabolism releases energy?

A

Catabolism

336
Q

What is the term for “in the absence of oxygen?”

A

Anaerobic

Anatomy & Physiology I (10 decks)

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