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Anatomy & Physiology I > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the integumentary system?

A

contains sensory receptors and glands
absorbs UV light for vitamin D production
protects internal organs from extreme temperature changes
protects internal organs from pathogenic microorganisms

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2
Q

what is the word meaning disease-causing organisms?

A

pathogenic

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3
Q

what does pathogenic mean?

A

disease-causing

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4
Q

what system jumps into action if the integumentary system is damaged?

A

lymphatic

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5
Q

what are the 5 sensory organs of the skin?

A 
merkel's cells
meissner's corpuscles 
nociceptors
pacinian corpuscles
thermoreceptors
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6
Q

what are merkel cells?

A

mechanoreceptors that detect light touch and vibration

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7
Q

what are meissner’s corpuscles?

A

mechanoreceptors that detect light touch and vibration

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8
Q

what is a mechanoreceptor?

A

something that detects light touch and vibration

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9
Q

what does a nociceptor do?

A

detect pain, like a pin prick

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10
Q

what does a pacinian corpuscle do?

A

a mechanoreceptor that detects pressure

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11
Q

what does a thermoreceptor do?

A

detect hot and cold

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12
Q

what 2 types of glands are in the skin?

A

sebaceous and sweat

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13
Q

what types of glands are most ducts in the body?

A

multicellular glands, set in epithelial tissue

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14
Q

what is another word for sebaceous gland?

A

oil gland

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15
Q

what do sebaceous glands produce?

A

sebum

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16
Q

what does sebum do?

A

keeps skin and hair from drying out and inhibits growth of harmful microorganisms using enzymes

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17
Q

what is another term for sweat glands?

A

sudoriferous glands

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18
Q

what is the release of sweat called?

A

perspiration

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19
Q

what does perspiration help to do?

A

helps the body regulate its temperature, a process called thermoregulation

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20
Q

what are dermatomes?

A

a region of the skin innervated by one sensory nerve. Sensory signals are sent from the skin to the spinal nerve, through the spinal cord, and to the brain.

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21
Q

what is a region of the skin innervated by one sensory nerve?

A

dermatomes

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22
Q

what area is NOT innervated by a spinal nerve, and what nerve is it innervated by?

A

the face, innervated by CN V: trigeminal nerve

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23
Q

what type of cell is the epidermis made up of?

A

stratified squamous

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24
Q

which part of the skin is avascular?

A

epidermis

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25
Q

what are the 4 layers of the epidermis, from superficial to deep?

A

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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26
Q

which layer of the epidermis is attached to the basement membrane?

A

stratum basale

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27
Q

which layer of the skin is constantly dividing to rebuild?

A

stratum basale of the epidermis

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28
Q

how long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?

A

30 days

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29
Q

how long is a dead cell in the stratum corneum before it sloughs off?

A

2 weeks

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30
Q

what is the term that refers to a dead cell being removed via washing or friction?

A

sloughing

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31
Q

what are the unique structures of the stratum basale that extend all the way through the epidermis, and what is another term for them?

A

epidermal ridges, aka fingerprints

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32
Q

what are the 5 types of cells in the epidermis?

A 
keratinocytes
langerhans cells
fibroblast cells
melanocytes
merkel cells
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33
Q

what do keratinocytes do?

A

produce a tough, fibrous protein substance called keratin.

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34
Q

what does keratinization do?

A

protects exposed surfaces of skin

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35
Q

what do langerhans cell do?

A

involved in immune response, first line of defense, identify microorganisms before they reach the bloodstream

36
Q

what do fibroblast cells do?

A

produce collagen, which helps adhere epidermal cells together and give the skin elasticity

37
Q

what do melanocytes do?

A

produce melanin

38
Q

what do merkel cells do?

A

sensory cells that respond to light touch

39
Q

what structures does the dermis contain?

A

sweat glands
oil glands
sensory organs: meissner corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles

40
Q

what helps to make the dermis able to stretch?

A

collagen fibers and elastic fibers in both layers

higher water content than the epidermis

41
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis, from superficial to deep?

A

papillary region

reticular region

42
Q

what is special about the reticular region?

A

Contains the main blood supply for the skin. Blood vessels branch off the main arteries to supply nerves, glands, and hair follicles

43
Q

what is another word for a bruise?

A

contusion

44
Q

what is another term for the hypodermis?

A

subcutaneous tissue layer

45
Q

what type of cell is the hypodermis mostly made of?

A

adipocytes (fat cells)

46
Q

what does the hypodermis do?

A

helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells, which helps to insulate the body/regulate temperature, and protect deeper tissues and organs from injury

47
Q

what is a subcutaneous injection?

A

given deep to the dermis, but superficial to muscle. it’s absorbed more slowly than if given directly into a vein

48
Q

what are the 2 layers of the hypodermis and in what order?

A

subcutaneous fat
subcutaneous tissue
they blend together

49
Q

what is hair made up of?

A

dead epidermal cells that are converted to keratin making it strong compared to skin cells

50
Q

what is found at the root of each hair follicle and why?

A

A sebaceous gland is found at the root of each hair follicle, helping to hydrate it with oil

51
Q

what type of muscle is each hair follicle connected to, and why?

A

arrector pili muscle, a smooth muscle that contracts when the body is cold or experiences emotional responses, causing the hair to stand up

52
Q

what are the 2 parts of hair?

A

root

shaft

53
Q

what part of the skin is the hair root in?

A

in the dermis layer

54
Q

where does the hair root begin, and why?

A

the hair bulb, which has blood and nervous supply

55
Q

what are nails made up of?

A

dead epidermal cells that are converted to keratin

56
Q

what is the nail body?

A

visible portion of a nail, covering the epidermis of that region

57
Q

what is the region of epidermis that a nail covers called?

A

nail bed

58
Q

what is the nail root?

A

the not visible portion

59
Q

what is the crescent shaped portion of the nail near the root called?

A

lunula

60
Q

what is the cuticle?

A

an extension of the stratum corneum and extends from the nail root

61
Q

what types of cells secrete a mesh-like substance to prevent blood loss?

A

blood platelets

62
Q

what is formed by the mesh-like substance secreted by blood platelets?

A

a clot

63
Q

what do blood platelets do?

A

accumulate in the damaged area and secrete a mesh-like substance around it to prevent blood loss, forming a clot

64
Q

what are mast cells and what do the release?

A

immune cells, release histamine

65
Q

what is histamine?

A

a chemical that helps dilate blood cells to bring increased blood and nutrients to the injured area. Helps to initiate a local inflammatory response

66
Q

what is an inflammatory response?

A

it signals other cells in the area to help remove foreign pathogens

67
Q

what are macrophages and what do they do?

A

a type of white blood cell, engulf and destroy disease-causing pathogens

68
Q

what are fibroblasts and what do they do?

A

secrete new collagen in the shape of the old tissue.

69
Q

what is the last stage of tissue repair?

A

remodeling

70
Q

what is a scar?

A

an overgrowth of the fibrous connective tissue that cannot be fully replaced by the original tissue

71
Q

what is remodeling?

A

the final phase of wound healing. Tissue matures, cells begin to take on their original functions.

72
Q

what is a first degree burn?

A

superficial, only damage the epidermis. The area becomes dry, red, painful, and doesn’t blister

73
Q

what is an example of first degree burn?

A

mild sunburn

74
Q

what is a second degree burn?

A

Damages the epidermis and part of the dermis. The burn turns red, forms blisters, and become painful and swollen - especially because the dermis has many sensory organs

75
Q

what is another term for a second degree burn?

A

partial thickness burn

76
Q

what is another term for a partial thickness burn?

A

second degree burn

77
Q

what is a third degree burn?

A

Damages the epidermis, entire dermis, and may extend slightly into the subcutaneous layer. Looks white and may have a charred appearance. Extremely painful

78
Q

what is another term for a third degree burn?

A

full thickness burn

79
Q

what is another term for a full thickness burn?

A

third degree burn

80
Q

what are some examples of a second degree burn?

A

Cooking injury, severe sunburn, brief exposure to fire

81
Q

what are some examples of a third degree burn?

A

Scalding liquid, longer exposure to fire or hot object

82
Q

what is a fourth degree burn?

A

damaged the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and underlying tissue like muscle or bone. Nerve endings are destroyed, to the area becomes numb rather than painful.

83
Q

what are some examples of a fourth degree burn?

A

Chemical, long exposure to fire or hot object

84
Q

what does a skin graft do?

A

Decreases recovery time and prevents infection

85
Q

What does collagen do when the skin is injured?

A

The collagen framework supports the tissue matrix in the shape of the old cells until new cells are fully developed

Anatomy & Physiology I (10 decks)

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