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Anatomy & Physiology I > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the integumentary system?

A

contains sensory receptors and glands
absorbs UV light for vitamin D production
protects internal organs from extreme temperature changes
protects internal organs from pathogenic microorganisms

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2
Q

what is the word meaning disease-causing organisms?

A

pathogenic

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3
Q

what does pathogenic mean?

A

disease-causing

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4
Q

what system jumps into action if the integumentary system is damaged?

A

lymphatic

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5
Q

what are the 5 sensory organs of the skin?

A 
merkel's cells
meissner's corpuscles 
nociceptors
pacinian corpuscles
thermoreceptors
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6
Q

what are merkel cells?

A

mechanoreceptors that detect light touch and vibration

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7
Q

what are meissner’s corpuscles?

A

mechanoreceptors that detect light touch and vibration

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8
Q

what is a mechanoreceptor?

A

something that detects light touch and vibration

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9
Q

what does a nociceptor do?

A

detect pain, like a pin prick

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10
Q

what does a pacinian corpuscle do?

A

a mechanoreceptor that detects pressure

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11
Q

what does a thermoreceptor do?

A

detect hot and cold

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12
Q

what 2 types of glands are in the skin?

A

sebaceous and sweat

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13
Q

what types of glands are most ducts in the body?

A

multicellular glands, set in epithelial tissue

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14
Q

what is another word for sebaceous gland?

A

oil gland

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15
Q

what do sebaceous glands produce?

A

sebum

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16
Q

what does sebum do?

A

keeps skin and hair from drying out and inhibits growth of harmful microorganisms using enzymes

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17
Q

what is another term for sweat glands?

A

sudoriferous glands

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18
Q

what is the release of sweat called?

A

perspiration

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19
Q

what does perspiration help to do?

A

helps the body regulate its temperature, a process called thermoregulation

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20
Q

what are dermatomes?

A

a region of the skin innervated by one sensory nerve. Sensory signals are sent from the skin to the spinal nerve, through the spinal cord, and to the brain.

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21
Q

what is a region of the skin innervated by one sensory nerve?

A

dermatomes

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22
Q

what area is NOT innervated by a spinal nerve, and what nerve is it innervated by?

A

the face, innervated by CN V: trigeminal nerve

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23
Q

what type of cell is the epidermis made up of?

A

stratified squamous

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24
Q

which part of the skin is avascular?

A

epidermis

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25
what are the 4 layers of the epidermis, from superficial to deep?
stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
26
which layer of the epidermis is attached to the basement membrane?
stratum basale
27
which layer of the skin is constantly dividing to rebuild?
stratum basale of the epidermis
28
how long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?
30 days
29
how long is a dead cell in the stratum corneum before it sloughs off?
2 weeks
30
what is the term that refers to a dead cell being removed via washing or friction?
sloughing
31
what are the unique structures of the stratum basale that extend all the way through the epidermis, and what is another term for them?
epidermal ridges, aka fingerprints
32
what are the 5 types of cells in the epidermis?
``` keratinocytes langerhans cells fibroblast cells melanocytes merkel cells ```
33
what do keratinocytes do?
produce a tough, fibrous protein substance called keratin.
34
what does keratinization do?
protects exposed surfaces of skin
35
what do langerhans cell do?
involved in immune response, first line of defense, identify microorganisms before they reach the bloodstream
36
what do fibroblast cells do?
produce collagen, which helps adhere epidermal cells together and give the skin elasticity
37
what do melanocytes do?
produce melanin
38
what do merkel cells do?
sensory cells that respond to light touch
39
what structures does the dermis contain?
sweat glands oil glands sensory organs: meissner corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles
40
what helps to make the dermis able to stretch?
collagen fibers and elastic fibers in both layers | higher water content than the epidermis
41
what are the 2 layers of the dermis, from superficial to deep?
papillary region | reticular region
42
what is special about the reticular region?
Contains the main blood supply for the skin. Blood vessels branch off the main arteries to supply nerves, glands, and hair follicles
43
what is another word for a bruise?
contusion
44
what is another term for the hypodermis?
subcutaneous tissue layer
45
what type of cell is the hypodermis mostly made of?
adipocytes (fat cells)
46
what does the hypodermis do?
helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells, which helps to insulate the body/regulate temperature, and protect deeper tissues and organs from injury
47
what is a subcutaneous injection?
given deep to the dermis, but superficial to muscle. it's absorbed more slowly than if given directly into a vein
48
what are the 2 layers of the hypodermis and in what order?
subcutaneous fat subcutaneous tissue they blend together
49
what is hair made up of?
dead epidermal cells that are converted to keratin making it strong compared to skin cells
50
what is found at the root of each hair follicle and why?
A sebaceous gland is found at the root of each hair follicle, helping to hydrate it with oil
51
what type of muscle is each hair follicle connected to, and why?
arrector pili muscle, a smooth muscle that contracts when the body is cold or experiences emotional responses, causing the hair to stand up
52
what are the 2 parts of hair?
root | shaft
53
what part of the skin is the hair root in?
in the dermis layer
54
where does the hair root begin, and why?
the hair bulb, which has blood and nervous supply
55
what are nails made up of?
dead epidermal cells that are converted to keratin
56
what is the nail body?
visible portion of a nail, covering the epidermis of that region
57
what is the region of epidermis that a nail covers called?
nail bed
58
what is the nail root?
the not visible portion
59
what is the crescent shaped portion of the nail near the root called?
lunula
60
what is the cuticle?
an extension of the stratum corneum and extends from the nail root
61
what types of cells secrete a mesh-like substance to prevent blood loss?
blood platelets
62
what is formed by the mesh-like substance secreted by blood platelets?
a clot
63
what do blood platelets do?
accumulate in the damaged area and secrete a mesh-like substance around it to prevent blood loss, forming a clot
64
what are mast cells and what do the release?
immune cells, release histamine
65
what is histamine?
a chemical that helps dilate blood cells to bring increased blood and nutrients to the injured area. Helps to initiate a local inflammatory response
66
what is an inflammatory response?
it signals other cells in the area to help remove foreign pathogens
67
what are macrophages and what do they do?
a type of white blood cell, engulf and destroy disease-causing pathogens
68
what are fibroblasts and what do they do?
secrete new collagen in the shape of the old tissue.
69
what is the last stage of tissue repair?
remodeling
70
what is a scar?
an overgrowth of the fibrous connective tissue that cannot be fully replaced by the original tissue
71
what is remodeling?
the final phase of wound healing. Tissue matures, cells begin to take on their original functions.
72
what is a first degree burn?
superficial, only damage the epidermis. The area becomes dry, red, painful, and doesn’t blister
73
what is an example of first degree burn?
mild sunburn
74
what is a second degree burn?
Damages the epidermis and part of the dermis. The burn turns red, forms blisters, and become painful and swollen - especially because the dermis has many sensory organs
75
what is another term for a second degree burn?
partial thickness burn
76
what is another term for a partial thickness burn?
second degree burn
77
what is a third degree burn?
Damages the epidermis, entire dermis, and may extend slightly into the subcutaneous layer. Looks white and may have a charred appearance. Extremely painful
78
what is another term for a third degree burn?
full thickness burn
79
what is another term for a full thickness burn?
third degree burn
80
what are some examples of a second degree burn?
Cooking injury, severe sunburn, brief exposure to fire
81
what are some examples of a third degree burn?
Scalding liquid, longer exposure to fire or hot object
82
what is a fourth degree burn?
damaged the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and underlying tissue like muscle or bone. Nerve endings are destroyed, to the area becomes numb rather than painful.
83
what are some examples of a fourth degree burn?
Chemical, long exposure to fire or hot object
84
what does a skin graft do?
Decreases recovery time and prevents infection
85
What does collagen do when the skin is injured?
The collagen framework supports the tissue matrix in the shape of the old cells until new cells are fully developed

Anatomy & Physiology I (10 decks)

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