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Anatomy & Physiology I > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy is structure and physiology is function. Anatomy determines physiology

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2
Q

What are the 4 different tissue types?

A

connective
epithelial
nervous
muscle

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3
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

covers body surfaces and lines cavities
specialized in secretion and absorption
structure is tightly packed
typically in layers that shed away, so there is constant cell division

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4
Q

what is muscle tissue?

A

contractile tissue

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5
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

bones, tendons, ligaments, blood

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6
Q

what is nervous tissue?

A

communication tissue, “wiring of the body”

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7
Q

what parts make up the integumentary system?

A

skin, hair, sweat glands, oil producing glands, sensory nerves

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8
Q

what are the 3 layers of skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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9
Q

what does the skeletal system do?

A

framework for the body, supports the body, protects the organs

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10
Q

what types of muscle are there?

A

cardiac - striated and involuntary
skeletal - striated and voluntary
smooth muscle - involuntary

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11
Q

what parts make up the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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12
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

communicates with the body, and detects external stimuli

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13
Q

what does the digestive system do?

A

absorbs nutrients and gets them into the bloodstream

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14
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

organs that regulate processes, they secrete hormones that regular metabolism and reproductive cycles

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15
Q

what is the cardiovascular system and what does it do?

A

heart and blood vessels. it moves low-oxygen blood to the lungs to get more oxygen, and distributes nutrients from the digestive system

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16
Q

what system is the lymphatic system part of?

A

the circulatory system

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17
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

its’ a series of vessels that return excess fluid from the cardiovascular system and fight off disease

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18
Q

what does the respiratory system do?

A

brings in oxygen and excretes co2

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19
Q

what is the reproductive system?

A

specialized organs and cells that produce life

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20
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breaking down large units into smaller ones

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21
Q

what is anabolism?

A

synthesis of more complex structures

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22
Q

what are the 3 steps in creating ATP?

A

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain

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23
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

when a molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules

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24
Q

what is the citric acid cycle?

A

when the pyruvic acid molecules are broken down into 2 more ATP molecules and electrons

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25
Q

what is the electron transport chain?

A

when the body uses electrons to create most of its ATP

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26
Q

what is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate. an energy rich molecule that powers cellular activities

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27
Q

what glands are in the endocrine system?

A 
thyroid
adrenal
hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal
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28
Q

which glands are inside the brain?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal

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29
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

the entire passage from the mouth to the anus

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30
Q

what does the chemical level entail?

A

looking at atoms

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31
Q

what does the cellular level entail?

A

looking at cells

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32
Q

what is tissue?

A

a collection of one cell type

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33
Q

what are the 6 levels of organization in the body?

A 
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
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34
Q

what are adipocytes

A

fat cells that help insulate and regulate body temperature

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35
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine?

A

appendix
rectum
anus

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36
Q

what is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable us to function

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37
Q

what are the parts of the lymphatic system?

A

thymus
lymph nodes
lymph vessels
spleen

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38
Q

what does the urinary system do?

A

excretes waste, regulates water and electrolyte balance in the blood

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39
Q

which 3 systems help move nutrients and waste throughout the body?

A

urinary, cardiovascular, digestive

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40
Q

what is a nephron?

A

the functional unit of the kidney

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41
Q

what are gametes?

A

23-chromosome sex cells

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42
Q

what is the male gamete?

A

sperm cell

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43
Q

what is the female gamete?

A

oocyte (egg)

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44
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

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45
Q

towards the head or upper part of a structure/body (above)

A

superior/cranial

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46
Q

superior/cranial

A

towards the head or upper part of a structure/body (above)

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47
Q

away from the head or toward lower part of a structure/body (below)

A

inferior/caudal

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48
Q

inferior/caudal

A

away from the head or toward lower part of a structure/body (below)

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49
Q

toward the front of the body (in front of)

A

ventral/anterior

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50
Q

ventral/anterior

A

toward the front of the body (in front of)

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51
Q

toward the back of the body (behind)

A

dorsal/posterior

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52
Q

dorsal/posterior

A

toward the back of the body (behind)

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53
Q

toward the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

A

medial

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54
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body (on the inner side of)

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55
Q

away from the midline (on the outer side of)

A

lateral

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56
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline (on the outer side of)

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57
Q

between medial and lateral

A

intermediate

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58
Q

intermediate

A

between medial and lateral

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59
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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60
Q

closer to the origin or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

proximal

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61
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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62
Q

farther from the origin or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

distal

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63
Q

toward the body surface

A

superficial/external

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64
Q

superficial/external

A

toward the body surface

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65
Q

away from the body surface

A

deep/internal

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66
Q

deep/interal

A

away from the body surface

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67
Q

flexion

A

closing of a joint (bending)

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68
Q

closing of a joint (bending)

A

flexion

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69
Q

extension

A

opening of a joint (straightening)

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70
Q

opening of a joint (straightening)

A

extension

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71
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline

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72
Q

movement away from the midline

A

abduction

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73
Q

adduction

A

movement towards the midline

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74
Q

movement towards the midline

A

adduction

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75
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (toes up)

76
Q

flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint (toes up)

A

dorsiflexion

77
Q

flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle joint) (toes down)

A

plantarflexion

78
Q

plantarflexion

A

flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle joint) (toes down)

79
Q

lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius

A

radial deviation

80
Q

radial deviation

A

lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius

81
Q

medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna

A

ulnar deviation

82
Q

ulnar deviation

A

medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna

83
Q

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so the sole faces laterally

A

pronation

84
Q

pronation

A

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so the sole faces laterally

85
Q

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so the sole faces medially

A

supination

86
Q

supination

A

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so the sole faces medially

87
Q

upward movement of a structure

A

elevation

88
Q

elevation

A

upward movement of a structure

89
Q

depression

A

downward movement of a structure

90
Q

downward movement of a structure

A

depression

91
Q

movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)

A

retraction

92
Q

retraction

A

movement of a structure to be drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)

93
Q

movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)

A

protraction

94
Q

protraction

A

movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)

95
Q

what is the axial region?

A

ribs, spine, cranium

96
Q

what is the appendicular region?

A

pelvis, shoulders, collarbones, limbs

97
Q

what is the sagittal plane?

A

divides the body into right and left sections

98
Q

what is a sagittal plane right in the center called?

A

Median plane/midsagittal plane

99
Q

what is the frontal/coronal plane?

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

100
Q

what is the transverse plane?

A

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

101
Q

what is a transverse section also called?

A

a cross-section

102
Q

what is an oblique section?

A

cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes

103
Q

what are the 2 main cavities of the body?

A

dorsal and ventral

104
Q

what cavities are in the dorsal cavity?

A

cranial and spinal/vertebral

105
Q

what 2 cavities are in the ventral cavity?

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic

106
Q

what 2 cavities are in the thoracic cavity?

A

pleural and pericardial

107
Q

what 2 cavities are in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

abdominal and pelvic

108
Q

what are the pleural cavities?

A

they contain the lungs

109
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

is surrounds the heart and encloses the esophagus and trachea

110
Q

what is the abdominal cavity?

A

houses the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

111
Q

what is the pelvic cavity?

A

lies in the bony pelvis, houses the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

112
Q

what is serosa?

A

a serous membrane that covers the walls of the ventral cavity and outer surface of the organs

113
Q

what does visceral mean?

A

covering the organs

114
Q

what does parietal mean?

A

lining the cavity

115
Q

what is the membrane in the pericardial cavity?

A

visceral and parietal pericardium

116
Q

what is the membrane in the pleural cavity?

A

visceral and parietal plurae

117
Q

what is the membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

visceral and parietal peritoneum

118
Q

what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic region?

A

right-upper (RUQ)
left-upper (LUQ)
right-lower) (RLQ)
left-lower (LLQ)

119
Q

what are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic region?

A

epigastric - upper central
right/left hypocondriac - upper corners
umbilical - central
right/left lumbar - next to the umbilical
hypogastric - lower central
right/left iliac/hypogastric - lower corners

120
Q

what does the oral cavity contain?

A

mouth, teeth, tongue

121
Q

what is the nasal cavity?

A

within and posterior to the nose. part of the respiratory tract

122
Q

what are the orbital cavities?

A

they house the eyes

123
Q

what are the middle ear bones?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

124
Q

what are the synovial cavities?

A

joint cavities. they make a lubricating fluid that reduces friction

125
Q

what are 4 biomacromolecules?

A

proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
nucleic acids

126
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

surrounds the cell and contains pumps and gates (protein channels) that regulate passage of materials in and out of the cell

127
Q

why is is better for a cell to be smaller in volume?

A

Smaller cells have a higher SA relative to V, compared to larger cells. This allows metabolic processes (like diffusion) to happen faster for smaller cells.

128
Q

what are the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic are smaller, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane, do not contain many of the organelles that eukaryotic have

129
Q

how are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar?

A

both have plasma membrane and ribosomes

130
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside the nucleus

131
Q

what is another term for cytoplasm?

A

cytosol

132
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

most prominent organelle in the cell. Contains DNA and is the control center of the cell.

133
Q

what does the nucleolus do?

A

synthesizes rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

134
Q

what is DNA?

A

composed of a sequence of nucleotides

135
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

organized form of DNA

136
Q

what are genes?

A

sections of chromosomal nucleotide sequences. Determine what proteins are synthesized in ribosomes

137
Q

what is the nuclear membrane?

A

covers the nucleus

138
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

Tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.
Each cell produces a unique combination of proteins, dictated by the sequence of DNA nucleotides.
Often located in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). This area is called the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

139
Q

what is contained within ribosomes?

A

rRNA

Enzymes needed to form peptide bonds between amino acids

140
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A maze of tightly packs sac-like structures that form interconnected compartments within the cytoplasm
An extension of the outer membrane of the nucleus
Modifies and transports proteins assembled by ribosomes

141
Q

what does smooth ER do?

A

responsible for synthesizing lipids, like cholesterol, which is a major component of cell membranes (liver cells have a lot of smooth ER)

142
Q

what is the Golgi complex (apparatus)?

A

Stack of many flattened sacs called cisternae
Parts are connected, but most form separate compartments
Receives lipids and proteins synthesized by the ER, changes their structures, and ships them to other parts of the cell.
Portions pinch off, forming enclosed sacs called vesicles which can be transported to other organelles or exported out of the cell via fusion
Also produces lysosomes

143
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

small sacs of digestive enzymes. These enzymes break down biomacromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids) that could originate inside or outside the cell. Once broken down, they can be recycled.

can also fuse with other vesicles that contain harmful bacteria, and break the bacteria down. Ex. in Tay-Sachs disease, one of the digestive enzymes in the lysosome is lacking, so a toxic lipid in the brain cannot be broken down, resulting in intellectual disability or death.

144
Q

what is mitochondria?

A

Converts chemical energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is a high-energy molecule that provides energy for the cell.

This process is called aerobic cellular respiration, where oxygen is needed to break down food (usually in the form of glucose) into CO2, H2O, and ATP

Bound by a double membrane, with an intermembrane space between the inner and outer membranes.
Inner membrane has numerous folds to increase SA, allowing room for chemical reactions and enzymes

145
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

network of protein fibers that provide structural support and movement within the cell. composed by microtubules and microfilaments

146
Q

what are microtubules?

A

hollow cylinders that help move chromosomes during cell division and are involved in the structure of cilia and flagella, which project from the surface of some cells

147
Q

what are flagella?

A

long, whip-like structure that propels a single-celled organism through a watery medium. Also found on sperm cells

148
Q

what are cilia?

A

shorter, found in greater number (hair-like). One example is along the respiratory passageways to trap and move debris

149
Q

what are MTOC’s?

A

microtubule-organizing center) - anchoring region for microtubules
During cell division, microtubules grow out from MTOC to assist in the movement of chromosomes into new cells

150
Q

what is inside the MTOC?

A

Centrioles and basal bodies

2 centrioles - each 9 sets of 3 attached tubules, forming a hollow cylinder.

Basal bodies - anchor cilia and flagella
Both play a role in microtubule assembly

151
Q

what are microfilaments?

A

flexible, solid fibers made up of 2 intertwined polymer chains of actin molecules.

152
Q

what does actin do?

A

generates movement by rapidly assembling and disassembling

153
Q

how do actin and myosin interact?

A

During cell division, a ring of actin associated with a protein called myosin causes the constriction of the cell to form 2 daughter cells.

In muscle cells, actin and myosin slide past each other, shortening the muscle fiber and causing muscle contraction

154
Q

what is the cell coat?

A

made of polysaccharide (carbohydrate) side chains which project out from the proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids) that comprise the cell membrane. These side chains allow cells to recognize each other, make contact, and sometimes adhere to each other

155
Q

what is the extracellular matrix?

A

a substance that many eukaryotic cells secrete, and contains tough protein fibers called collagen

156
Q

what is a cell wall?

A

animals and humans do not have a cell wall, but most plants and bacteria do.
In plants, this consists of layers of cellulose fibers, giving it much strength and support.
In bacteria, may contain peptidoglycan - a 3D mesh-like structure made of sugars and amino acids.
Gram-positive have a very thick layer of peptidoglycan and retain a violet stain
Gram-negative have a thin layer and do not retain the violet stain
Penicillin interferes with the cell wall in gram-positive bacteria, rendering it unprotected

157
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer in which proteins are partially or fully embedded. The pattern is not static because the proteins are fluid and can move around.

158
Q

what does amphipathic mean?

A

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

159
Q

what does hydrophilic mean?

A

water loving

160
Q

what does hydrophobic mean?

A

water fearing

161
Q

how are the lipids arranged in in cell membrane?

A

Arranged in a bi-layer with the hydrophilic polar heads on the inner and outer faces and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails forming the inner core

162
Q

what does cholesterol do?

A

stabilizer against heat and cold. It’s a hydrophobic steroid lipid with a polar hydroxyl group. It acts as a spacer for the tails to reduce solidification in low temps and stabilizes the heads by restricting motion in high temps.

163
Q

what are integral proteins?

A

span across the lipid bi-layer, firmly bound. 1 or more hydrophobic regions embedded in the core and hydrophilic regions extending out of each face. Some are big enough to weave in and out of a membrane several times.

164
Q

what are peripheral proteins?

A

only on the inner or outer surface. Can attach to exposed regions of integral proteins.

165
Q

what is selective permeability?

A

allowing only certain material to pass in a certain direction (nutrients in and waste out)

166
Q

what is diffusion?

A

small molecules move through the membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Until they are equally distributed.

167
Q

what is another name for diffusion?

A

passive transport

168
Q

what is the concentration gradient?

A

difference in the concentration of a substance from one place to another.

169
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water

170
Q

what does isotonic mean?

A

equal amount of solute (sugars, salts, etc. in an aqueous solution) on either side of the membrane

171
Q

what does hypotonic mean?

A

Solution contains less solute than what’s in the cell, which can cause overhydration and even bursting of the cell.

172
Q

what does hypertonic mean?

A

Solution contains more solute and less water than what’s in the cell, causing the cell to lose water (ex. drinking saltwater)

173
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

an integral carrier protein binds to specific molecules (usually ones that are too large to pass through the lipid bilayer, like sugars and amino acids) and releases it to the other side.

174
Q

what is active transport?

A

molecules or ions are pumped against the concentration gradient. Carrier proteins AND additional energy are needed.

175
Q

what is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

Na+ diffuse inward and have to be returned outward. K+ diffuses outward and must be returned inward, maintaining an electrical gradient across the membrane.

176
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

biomacromolecule outside the cell is enclosed in an invagination of the cell membrane to form a vesicle inside the cell and bring it in. An active process because it requires energy, but NOT to be confused with active transport.

177
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

extremely large objects, like other cells. Once it’s enclosed in a vesicle, it fuses with lysosomes in the cell and is digested. Ex. white blood cells destroying bacteria

178
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

tiny droplets of fluids. The cell membrane pinches inwards, since it doesn’t need a whole vesicle (pseudopod)

179
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

integral receptor proteins bind with a signaling molecule (ligand) sent from another cell (often in the form of a hormone). When this happens, the protein and others around it change shape, activating enzymes that can catalyze energy or structural changes in the cell.

180
Q

what is a ligand?

A

signaling molecule sent from another cell (often in the form of a hormone)

181
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

biomacromolecule inside the cell is enclosed in the membrane of a vesicle, usually formed by breaking off the Golgi complex. Then fuses with the cell membrane and ejects the biomacromolecule.

182
Q

excretion involves which 3 systems?

A

urinary, respiratory, digestive

183
Q

What are cisternae?

A

Flattend sacs in the Golgi complex

184
Q

What are flattened sacs in the Golgi complex

A

Cisternae

185
Q

What is meninges?

A

Tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Anatomy & Physiology I (10 decks)

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