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BIOM*2000 > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

The testes

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2
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

The epididymis

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3
Q

What is the role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

A

Deliver sperm to the urethra

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4
Q

Which part of the male reproductive system contains seminiferous tubules?

A

The testes

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5
Q

What is found between seminiferous tubules?

A

The interstitial cells that produce testosterone

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6
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

The first part of the tubular system that carries sperm from the body

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7
Q

What are the two main sites of sperm storage in the male reproductive tract?

A
  • The epididymis
  • The vas deferens
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8
Q

Where does the urethra fuse with the ejaculatory duct in men?

A

The prostate gland

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9
Q

What are the two glands that contribute to the formation of semen?

A
  • The prostate gland
  • The seminal vesicle
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10
Q

What does the prostate gland produce?

A

A milky fluid that activates sperm

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11
Q

What does the seminal vesicle produce?

A

Just over half of the semen volume that nourishes and activates sperm

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12
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland produce?

A

Mucus to cleanse the urethra of residual urine

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13
Q

What is semen?

A

The ejaculate, consisting of sperm and nutritive fluid

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14
Q

What protects the testes?

A

A sac of skin called the scrotum

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15
Q

What does the term “penis” refer to?

A

The skin-covered shaft of the external genitalia

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16
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

The enlarged tip of the shaft, covered by foreskin (unless removed by circumcision)

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17
Q

What is the foreskin/prepuce?

A

A fold of skin that can be pulled back to expose the glans

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18
Q

Are erections caused by vasodilation or vasoconstriction of the vessels at the base of the penis?

A

Vasodilation

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19
Q

What are the two components of ejaculation?

A
  • Emission
  • Expulsion
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20
Q

What occurs during emission?

A

Waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and prostate push semen into the urethra

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21
Q

What occurs during expulsion?

A

Rhythmic contractions of skeletal muscles at the base of the penis force semen along the urethra and out the penis

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22
Q

What are the three parts of a mature sperm cell?

A
  • The head
  • The midpiece
  • The tail
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23
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The production of sperm

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24
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

The final stage of spermatogenesis, where morphological changes to late spermatids occur

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25
Q

What is capacitation?

A

The last component of sperm production that gives it increased mobility

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26
Q

Where does capacitation occur?

A

In the female reproductive tract

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27
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

The name given to sperm stem cells

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28
Q

What are primary spermatocytes?

A

The spermatogonia that have migrated and will undergo 2 meiotic cell divisions

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29
Q

Where are eggs/oocytes produced?

A

The ovaries

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30
Q

What is the antrum?

A

The lumen of the ovarian follicle present in the ovaries

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31
Q

What is the corporate lutea?

A

Solid masses of lipid rich cells that secrete hormones formed from the wall of the captured post-ovulated ovarian follicles

32
Q

What is the infundibulum of fallopian tubes?

A

The open funnel structure at the end of the fallopian tube

33
Q

What is the female external genitalia collectively referred to as?

A

The vulva

34
Q

What is an oogonium?

A

The stem cells that will become oocytes

35
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process where oocytes form from stem cells

36
Q

When do primary oocytes begin meiosis?

A

Before birth, but then remains in an arrested state

37
Q

When do primary oocytes exist from their arrested state to continue meiosis?

A

During ovulation as the follicle matures monthly from puberty to menopause to produce a secondary oocyte

38
Q

When does meiosis 2 of the secondary oocyte occur to create an ovum?

A

Only when the secondary oocyte is penetrated by sperm

39
Q

What is menarche?

A

The first egg release/menstrual cycle

40
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

The ovum is released with some follicular cells, and is drawn into the infundibulum of the fallopian tube

41
Q

After ovulation, what will parts of the ovarian follicle remaining in the ovary develop into?

A

The corpus luteum

42
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

The estrogen and progesterone needed to support early pregnancy

43
Q

What signals the corpus luteum to be retained?

A

The presence of the implanted embryo

44
Q

What happens if fertilization doesn’t occur or an embryo doesn’t implant?

A

The ovum or early embryo is voided with the next menstrual flow and the corpus luteum will regress

45
Q

What is the cycle of oocyte production and release that is associated with changes in the endometrium of the uterus?

A

The menstrual cycle

46
Q

What are the two cycles of menstruation that occur simultaneously?

A
  • The ovarian cycle
  • The menstrual/uterine cycle
47
Q

What does the ovarian cycle refer to?

A

The changes that occur in the follicles

48
Q

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • The follicular phase
  • Ovulation
  • The luteal phase
49
Q

When does menstruation take place?

A

Between the end of the luteal phase and the beginning of a new follicular phase

50
Q

What does the uterine cycle refer to?

A

The changes to the endometrial lining

51
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  • The menstrual phase
  • The proliferative phase
  • The secretary phase
52
Q

What does fertilization refer to?

A

The fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and the ovum

53
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The process in which sperm find their way to the oocyte by following a chemical scent trail

54
Q

Where does penetration typically occur?

A

In the fallopian tube

55
Q

What is the first barrier to penetration?

A

The cluster of cells surrounding the oocyte

56
Q

What is the secondary barrier to penetration?

A

The ovum shell

57
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

Cytoplasmic changes in the ovum that occur once penetration has taken place to prevent the further entry of sperm

58
Q

What occurs after penetration?

A

The final cell division of the oocyte occurs and a polar body splits off from the ovum

59
Q

What occurs during the cleavage phase of embryonic development?

A

Rapid cell division without intervening growth periods that occurs as the zygote travels down the uterine tube

60
Q

What is a morula?

A

The state of a developing embryo as it reaches the uterus

61
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The state of early embryonic development that will implant in the uterine endometrium

62
Q

T or F: Blastocysts secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

A

True

63
Q

What are the two important functional areas of a blastocyst?

A
  • The trophoblast
  • The inner cell mass
64
Q

What forms from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst?

A

Primary germ layers

65
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

The primary germ layer of the embryo that will become the nervous system and epidermis of the skin

66
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

The primary germ layer that will become the mucosae and associated mucosal glands

67
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

The primary germ layer of the embryo that will become body structures other than the nervous system, epidermis, mucosa, and associated glands

68
Q

After the third month of pregnancy, what has taken over the role of the corpus luteum to maintain the pregnancy?

A

The placenta

69
Q

What is parturition?

A

The term used to describe the process of childbirth

70
Q

What are the three stages of labour?

A
  • Dilation of cervix
  • Expulsion/delivery of infant
  • Delivery of the placenta
71
Q

What is known as the pregnancy-maintaining hormone?

A

Progesterone

72
Q

Which hormone allows dilation of the cervix to occur without tearing tissues?

A

Relaxin

73
Q

What are alveolar glands?

A

The milk-secreting tissues in the breasts

74
Q

Which hormone acts with thyroid hormones to stimulate alveolar glands to synthesize milk?

A

Prolactin

75
Q

Which hormone acts on milk ducts, causing them to contract and release the stores of milk?

A

Oxytocin

BIOM*2000 (16 decks)

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