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BIOM*2000 > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

The testes

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2
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

The epididymis

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3
Q

What is the role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?

A

Deliver sperm to the urethra

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4
Q

Which part of the male reproductive system contains seminiferous tubules?

A

The testes

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5
Q

What is found between seminiferous tubules?

A

The interstitial cells that produce testosterone

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6
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

The first part of the tubular system that carries sperm from the body

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7
Q

What are the two main sites of sperm storage in the male reproductive tract?

A
  • The epididymis
  • The vas deferens
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8
Q

Where does the urethra fuse with the ejaculatory duct in men?

A

The prostate gland

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9
Q

What are the two glands that contribute to the formation of semen?

A
  • The prostate gland
  • The seminal vesicle
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10
Q

What does the prostate gland produce?

A

A milky fluid that activates sperm

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11
Q

What does the seminal vesicle produce?

A

Just over half of the semen volume that nourishes and activates sperm

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12
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland produce?

A

Mucus to cleanse the urethra of residual urine

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13
Q

What is semen?

A

The ejaculate, consisting of sperm and nutritive fluid

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14
Q

What protects the testes?

A

A sac of skin called the scrotum

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15
Q

What does the term “penis” refer to?

A

The skin-covered shaft of the external genitalia

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16
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

The enlarged tip of the shaft, covered by foreskin (unless removed by circumcision)

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17
Q

What is the foreskin/prepuce?

A

A fold of skin that can be pulled back to expose the glans

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18
Q

Are erections caused by vasodilation or vasoconstriction of the vessels at the base of the penis?

A

Vasodilation

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19
Q

What are the two components of ejaculation?

A
  • Emission
  • Expulsion
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20
Q

What occurs during emission?

A

Waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and prostate push semen into the urethra

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21
Q

What occurs during expulsion?

A

Rhythmic contractions of skeletal muscles at the base of the penis force semen along the urethra and out the penis

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22
Q

What are the three parts of a mature sperm cell?

A
  • The head
  • The midpiece
  • The tail
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23
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The production of sperm

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24
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

The final stage of spermatogenesis, where morphological changes to late spermatids occur

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25
What is capacitation?
The last component of sperm production that gives it increased mobility
26
Where does capacitation occur?
In the female reproductive tract
27
What are spermatogonia?
The name given to sperm stem cells
28
What are primary spermatocytes?
The spermatogonia that have migrated and will undergo 2 meiotic cell divisions
29
Where are eggs/oocytes produced?
The ovaries
30
What is the antrum?
The lumen of the ovarian follicle present in the ovaries
31
What is the corporate lutea?
Solid masses of lipid rich cells that secrete hormones formed from the wall of the captured post-ovulated ovarian follicles
32
What is the infundibulum of fallopian tubes?
The open funnel structure at the end of the fallopian tube
33
What is the female external genitalia collectively referred to as?
The vulva
34
What is an oogonium?
The stem cells that will become oocytes
35
What is oogenesis?
The process where oocytes form from stem cells
36
When do primary oocytes begin meiosis?
Before birth, but then remains in an arrested state
37
When do primary oocytes exist from their arrested state to continue meiosis?
During ovulation as the follicle matures monthly from puberty to menopause to produce a secondary oocyte
38
When does meiosis 2 of the secondary oocyte occur to create an ovum?
Only when the secondary oocyte is penetrated by sperm
39
What is menarche?
The first egg release/menstrual cycle
40
What occurs during ovulation?
The ovum is released with some follicular cells, and is drawn into the infundibulum of the fallopian tube
41
After ovulation, what will parts of the ovarian follicle remaining in the ovary develop into?
The corpus luteum
42
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
The estrogen and progesterone needed to support early pregnancy
43
What signals the corpus luteum to be retained?
The presence of the implanted embryo
44
What happens if fertilization doesn't occur or an embryo doesn't implant?
The ovum or early embryo is voided with the next menstrual flow and the corpus luteum will regress
45
What is the cycle of oocyte production and release that is associated with changes in the endometrium of the uterus?
The menstrual cycle
46
What are the two cycles of menstruation that occur simultaneously?
- The ovarian cycle - The menstrual/uterine cycle
47
What does the ovarian cycle refer to?
The changes that occur in the follicles
48
What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?
- The follicular phase - Ovulation - The luteal phase
49
When does menstruation take place?
Between the end of the luteal phase and the beginning of a new follicular phase
50
What does the uterine cycle refer to?
The changes to the endometrial lining
51
What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?
- The menstrual phase - The proliferative phase - The secretary phase
52
What does fertilization refer to?
The fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and the ovum
53
What is chemotaxis?
The process in which sperm find their way to the oocyte by following a chemical scent trail
54
Where does penetration typically occur?
In the fallopian tube
55
What is the first barrier to penetration?
The cluster of cells surrounding the oocyte
56
What is the secondary barrier to penetration?
The ovum shell
57
What is the cortical reaction?
Cytoplasmic changes in the ovum that occur once penetration has taken place to prevent the further entry of sperm
58
What occurs after penetration?
The final cell division of the oocyte occurs and a polar body splits off from the ovum
59
What occurs during the cleavage phase of embryonic development?
Rapid cell division without intervening growth periods that occurs as the zygote travels down the uterine tube
60
What is a morula?
The state of a developing embryo as it reaches the uterus
61
What is a blastocyst?
The state of early embryonic development that will implant in the uterine endometrium
62
T or F: Blastocysts secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
True
63
What are the two important functional areas of a blastocyst?
- The trophoblast - The inner cell mass
64
What forms from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst?
Primary germ layers
65
What is the ectoderm?
The primary germ layer of the embryo that will become the nervous system and epidermis of the skin
66
What is the endoderm?
The primary germ layer that will become the mucosae and associated mucosal glands
67
What is the mesoderm?
The primary germ layer of the embryo that will become body structures other than the nervous system, epidermis, mucosa, and associated glands
68
After the third month of pregnancy, what has taken over the role of the corpus luteum to maintain the pregnancy?
The placenta
69
What is parturition?
The term used to describe the process of childbirth
70
What are the three stages of labour?
- Dilation of cervix - Expulsion/delivery of infant - Delivery of the placenta
71
What is known as the pregnancy-maintaining hormone?
Progesterone
72
Which hormone allows dilation of the cervix to occur without tearing tissues?
Relaxin
73
What are alveolar glands?
The milk-secreting tissues in the breasts
74
Which hormone acts with thyroid hormones to stimulate alveolar glands to synthesize milk?
Prolactin
75
Which hormone acts on milk ducts, causing them to contract and release the stores of milk?
Oxytocin

BIOM*2000 (16 decks)

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