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Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Touch is a special sense.

A

False

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2
Q

What are the five special senses?

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Hearing
  • Sight
  • Equilibrium
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3
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of?

A

The lacrimal gland and ducts that drain lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity

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4
Q

What is the structure of the eyeball?

A

A hollow sphere filled with fluid that has three wall layers and a lens for focusing

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Vascular
  • Sensory
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6
Q

What are the two main things that the fibrous layer of the eyeball consists of?

A
  • The sclera
  • The cornea
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7
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Protects the eyeball and helps it maintain its shape

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8
Q

What are the three distinguishable regions of the middle layer of the eyeball?

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris
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9
Q

What is the main function of the choroid?

A

Prevent light from scattering inside the eye

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10
Q

What is the involuntary muscle said to act as “the diaphragm of the eye”?

A

The iris

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11
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The rounded opening at the centre of the iris through which light enters

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12
Q

What happens to the pupil in close vision and bright light?

A

The circular muscles contract and the pupil constricts

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13
Q

What happens to the pupil in distant vision and dim light?

A

The radical fibres contract to enlarge the pupil

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the sensory layer of the eyeball/retina?

A
  • The pigmented layer
  • The neural layer
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15
Q

What is the main function of the pigmented layer of the retina?

A

To absorb light and prevent it from scattering inside the eye

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16
Q

Which layer of the retina contains photoreceptors?

A

The neural layer

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17
Q

Which structure of the eye focuses light on the retina?

A

The lens

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18
Q

Which segment of the lens is filled with aqueous humour?

A

The anterior (aqueous) segment

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19
Q

What helps maintain intraocular pressure?

A

Aqueous humour

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20
Q

Which segment of the lens is filled with vitreous humour?

A

The posterior (vitreous) segment

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21
Q

What helps prevent the eyeball from collapsing inward?

A

Vitreous humour

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22
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

A condition involving an abnormal increase in the pressure within the eye

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23
Q

What is the optic chiasma?

A

The parietal crossover of fibres of the optic nerves to opposite sides of the brain

24
Q

Which division of the PNS controls the internal muscles of the eye?

25
What is the photopupillary reflex?
A protective reflex that constricts the pupil upon expose to bright light
26
What is the accommodation pupillary reflex?
Constriction of the pupil when viewing close objects
27
What stimulates hearing receptors?
Sound vibrations moving fluid in the ears
28
What are the three major areas of the ear?
- The outer ear - The middle ear - The inner ear
29
Which regions of the ear are involved with hearing only?
The outer and middle ear
30
Which region of the ear is involved with both hearing and equilibrium?
The inner ear
31
What are the two structures that the outer ear is composed of?
- The auricle - The external acoustic meatus
32
What are the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear?
- The hammer/malleus - The anvil/incus - The stirrup/stapes
33
What is the oval window?
The superior, membrane-covered opening in the middle ear wall
34
How is sound conveyed to the oval window?
By the stirrup
35
What is the round window?
The inferior, membrane covered opening in the middle ear wall between the vestibule and the cochlea
36
What allows pressure to be equalized on both sides of the eardrum?
The pharynotympanic tube
37
Where are bony labyrinth found?
The inner ear
38
What are the three divisions of the bony labyrinth?
- The cochlea - The vestibule - Semicircular canals
39
Where are hearing receptors housed?
The cochlea
40
Where are dynamic equilibrium receptors located?
The semicircular canals
41
What does it mean to hear "in stereo"?
Sound usually reached the two ears at different times
42
What is the basilar membrane?
The membrane in the cochlear duct that vibrated to transit sound waves
43
What are the two general types of deafness?
- Conduction deafness - Sensorineural deafness
44
What is conduction deafness?
Hearing loss due to interference in the conduction of vibrations to the fluids of the inner ear
45
What is sensorineural deafness?
Hearing loss due to degeneration or damage to receptor cells in the spiral organ of corti, the cochlear nerve, or neurons of the auditory cortex
46
What is often the cause of sensorineural deafness?
Extended listening to excessively loud sounds
47
Which type of deafness is unable to hear by bone conduction (hearing aids)?
Sensorineural deafness
48
What is the vestibular apparatus?
The equilibrium receptors of the inner ear
49
How can the vestibular apparatus be divided/classified?
- One branch is responsible for monitoring static equilibrium - One branch is responsible for monitoring dynamic equilibrium
50
What is static equilibrium?
Balance concerned with changes in the position of the head
51
What are maculae?
Static equilibrium receptors found in the vestibule
52
Where does the vestibular nerve carry signals to and from?
From the maculae to the cerebellum
53
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Balance concerned with angular or rotary movements of the head in space
54
How many plans of space are the semicircular canals oriented in?
Three
55
What is the type of receptor used for taste and smell?
Chemoreceptors

BIOM*2000 (16 decks)

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