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BIOM*2000 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Touch is a special sense.

A

False

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2
Q

What are the five special senses?

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Hearing
  • Sight
  • Equilibrium
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3
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of?

A

The lacrimal gland and ducts that drain lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity

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4
Q

What is the structure of the eyeball?

A

A hollow sphere filled with fluid that has three wall layers and a lens for focusing

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5
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Vascular
  • Sensory
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6
Q

What are the two main things that the fibrous layer of the eyeball consists of?

A
  • The sclera
  • The cornea
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7
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Protects the eyeball and helps it maintain its shape

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8
Q

What are the three distinguishable regions of the middle layer of the eyeball?

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris
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9
Q

What is the main function of the choroid?

A

Prevent light from scattering inside the eye

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10
Q

What is the involuntary muscle said to act as “the diaphragm of the eye”?

A

The iris

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11
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The rounded opening at the centre of the iris through which light enters

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12
Q

What happens to the pupil in close vision and bright light?

A

The circular muscles contract and the pupil constricts

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13
Q

What happens to the pupil in distant vision and dim light?

A

The radical fibres contract to enlarge the pupil

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the sensory layer of the eyeball/retina?

A
  • The pigmented layer
  • The neural layer
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15
Q

What is the main function of the pigmented layer of the retina?

A

To absorb light and prevent it from scattering inside the eye

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16
Q

Which layer of the retina contains photoreceptors?

A

The neural layer

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17
Q

Which structure of the eye focuses light on the retina?

A

The lens

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18
Q

Which segment of the lens is filled with aqueous humour?

A

The anterior (aqueous) segment

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19
Q

What helps maintain intraocular pressure?

A

Aqueous humour

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20
Q

Which segment of the lens is filled with vitreous humour?

A

The posterior (vitreous) segment

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21
Q

What helps prevent the eyeball from collapsing inward?

A

Vitreous humour

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22
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

A condition involving an abnormal increase in the pressure within the eye

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23
Q

What is the optic chiasma?

A

The parietal crossover of fibres of the optic nerves to opposite sides of the brain

24
Q

Which division of the PNS controls the internal muscles of the eye?

A

Autonomic

25
Q

What is the photopupillary reflex?

A

A protective reflex that constricts the pupil upon expose to bright light

26
Q

What is the accommodation pupillary reflex?

A

Constriction of the pupil when viewing close objects

27
Q

What stimulates hearing receptors?

A

Sound vibrations moving fluid in the ears

28
Q

What are the three major areas of the ear?

A
  • The outer ear
  • The middle ear
  • The inner ear
29
Q

Which regions of the ear are involved with hearing only?

A

The outer and middle ear

30
Q

Which region of the ear is involved with both hearing and equilibrium?

A

The inner ear

31
Q

What are the two structures that the outer ear is composed of?

A
  • The auricle
  • The external acoustic meatus
32
Q

What are the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear?

A
  • The hammer/malleus
  • The anvil/incus
  • The stirrup/stapes
33
Q

What is the oval window?

A

The superior, membrane-covered opening in the middle ear wall

34
Q

How is sound conveyed to the oval window?

A

By the stirrup

35
Q

What is the round window?

A

The inferior, membrane covered opening in the middle ear wall between the vestibule and the cochlea

36
Q

What allows pressure to be equalized on both sides of the eardrum?

A

The pharynotympanic tube

37
Q

Where are bony labyrinth found?

A

The inner ear

38
Q

What are the three divisions of the bony labyrinth?

A
  • The cochlea
  • The vestibule
  • Semicircular canals
39
Q

Where are hearing receptors housed?

A

The cochlea

40
Q

Where are dynamic equilibrium receptors located?

A

The semicircular canals

41
Q

What does it mean to hear “in stereo”?

A

Sound usually reached the two ears at different times

42
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

The membrane in the cochlear duct that vibrated to transit sound waves

43
Q

What are the two general types of deafness?

A
  • Conduction deafness
  • Sensorineural deafness
44
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

Hearing loss due to interference in the conduction of vibrations to the fluids of the inner ear

45
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Hearing loss due to degeneration or damage to receptor cells in the spiral organ of corti, the cochlear nerve, or neurons of the auditory cortex

46
Q

What is often the cause of sensorineural deafness?

A

Extended listening to excessively loud sounds

47
Q

Which type of deafness is unable to hear by bone conduction (hearing aids)?

A

Sensorineural deafness

48
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus?

A

The equilibrium receptors of the inner ear

49
Q

How can the vestibular apparatus be divided/classified?

A
  • One branch is responsible for monitoring static equilibrium
  • One branch is responsible for monitoring dynamic equilibrium
50
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Balance concerned with changes in the position of the head

51
Q

What are maculae?

A

Static equilibrium receptors found in the vestibule

52
Q

Where does the vestibular nerve carry signals to and from?

A

From the maculae to the cerebellum

53
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Balance concerned with angular or rotary movements of the head in space

54
Q

How many plans of space are the semicircular canals oriented in?

A

Three

55
Q

What is the type of receptor used for taste and smell?

A

Chemoreceptors

BIOM*2000 (16 decks)

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