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BIOM*2000 > Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are synthesis reactions?

A

Chemical reactions where two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule

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2
Q

T or F: Synthesis reactions don’t always involve bond formation.

A

False. They always involve bond formation.

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3
Q

Which type of chemical reaction underlie all anabolic (building) activities in body cells?

A

Synthesis reactions

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4
Q

What are decomposition reactions?

A

Chemical reactions where a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions

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5
Q

Which type of chemical reaction underlie all catabolic (destructive) activities in body cells?

A

Decomposition reactions

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6
Q

What are exchange reactions?

A

Chemical reactions that involve simultaneous synthesis and decomposition reactions

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7
Q

T or F: Most chemical reactions are reversible.

A

True

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8
Q

What are four factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions?

A
  • Temperature
  • Concentration of particles
  • Particle size
  • The presence of catalysts
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9
Q

Does an increase in temperature increase or decrease kinetic energy?

A

Increase

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10
Q

Does an increase in the concentration of reacting particles increase or decrease the number of collisions?

A

Increase

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11
Q

Does a decrease in particle size increase or decrease the number of collisions?

A

Increase

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12
Q

How does the presence of catalysts decrease the amount of energy needed for molecules to interact?

A

By holding the reactants in the proper positions for interactions

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13
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

A compound that lacks carbon

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14
Q

What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?

A

Water (H2O)

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15
Q

What are the four properties that make water so vital to the human body?

A
  • High heat capacity
  • Polarity/solvent properties
  • Chemical reactivity
  • Cushioning
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16
Q

What is an ionic compound that dissociates into changed particles when dissolved in water?

A

Salt

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17
Q

What is a substance that breaks down into ions on solutions and is capable of conducting an electric current?

A

Electrolytes

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18
Q

T or F: Not all salts are electrolytes?

A

False

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19
Q

What do acids release when in an aqueous solution?

A

Hydrogen ions

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20
Q

Are acids proton donors or proton acceptors?

A

Proton donors

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21
Q

What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids?

A
  • Strong acids: Acids that ionize completely and liberate all their protons
  • Weak acids: Acids that ionize incompletely and only liberate some protons
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22
Q

Are bases proton donors or proton acceptors?

A

Proton acceptors

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23
Q

T or F: When protons are bound to a molecule, they are unable to affects the acidity of body fluids.

A

True

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24
Q

What is a “strong base”?

A

Any base containing hydroxide (OH-)

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25
Q

What is neutralization?

A

A chemical reaction that occurs when acids and bases undergo an exchange reaction

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26
Q

When acids and bases are mixed, what do they form?

A

Water and a salt

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27
Q

What does pH measure?

A

The relative concentration of hydrogen

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28
Q

What does a pH lower than 7 indicate?

A

The solution is acidic

29
Q

What does a pH of 7 indicate?

A

The solution is neutral

30
Q

What does a pH higher than 7 indicate?

A

The solution is basic/alkaline

31
Q

Which two organs carefully regulate the acid-base balance in the body?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Lungs
32
Q

What are buffers?

A

Substances that help stabilize the pH of a solution

33
Q

What is the blood pH range?

A

7.35 to 7.45

34
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

A compound that contains carbon

35
Q

How are monomers joined to form polymers?

A

Dehydration synthesis

36
Q

What occurs during a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

The joining of two compounds by the removal of an OH from one and an H from the other at the site of bond formation

37
Q

What is released during a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

Water

38
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles

39
Q

Which organic compound provides a ready, easily used source of fuel for cells?

A

Carbohydrates

40
Q

What are the three categories of carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
41
Q

What are the most important monosaccharides in the body?

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose and galactose
  • Ribose and deoxyribose
42
Q

What is the principle sugar in the blood?

A

Glucose

43
Q

What is the universal cellular fuel?

A

Glucose

44
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

By the dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides

45
Q

What makes polysaccharides ideal for storage?

A

Their size and insolubility

46
Q

T or F: Lipids are water-soluble.

A

False

47
Q

What are the three most abundant lipids in the body?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
48
Q

What represents the bodies most abundant and concentrated source of usable energy?

A

Triglycerides

49
Q

Where are triglycerides mainly stored?

A

In fat deposits beneath the skin and around organs

50
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A
  • Saturated: Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
  • Unsaturated: Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
51
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Oils that have been made solid by the addition of hydrogen atoms at sites of double carbon bonds, reducing them to single carbon bonds

52
Q

Which portion of a phospholipid is polar and which is non-polar?

A
  • Polar: The hydrophilic head
  • Non-polar: The hydrophobic tails
53
Q

What is the most important steroid molecule?

A

Cholesterol

54
Q

Which organic molecule has the most varied function of all organic molecules?

A

Proteins

55
Q

What is the “building block” of proteins

A

Amino acids

56
Q

What is the difference between polypeptides and proteins?

A
  • Polypeptides: Chains of fewer than 50 amino acids
  • Proteins: Chains of more than 50 amino acids
57
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids composing each amino acid chain

58
Q

How is the secondary structure of protein formed?

A

By the primary structure twisting and/or bending upon itself

59
Q

What are the two types of secondary protein structures?

A
  • Alpha-helices
  • Beta-pleated sheets
60
Q

How is the tertiary structure of protein formed?

A

By alpha-helical or beta-pleated regions of the amino acid chain folding upon one another to produce a globular protein

61
Q

How is the quaternary structure of proteins formed?

A

By two polypeptide chains combining and forming a complex protein

62
Q

What are the two ways in which proteins are classified?

A
  • Fibrous/structural
  • Globular/functional
63
Q

How do fibrous and globular proteins differ in terms of their stability?

A
  • Fibrous: Very stable
  • Globular: Not stable and easily denatured
63
Q

What is the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?

A
  • Fibrous: Help maintain cell shape (structural proteins)
  • Globular: Carry out specific biological functions (functional proteins)
64
Q

What type of functional protein acts as a biological catalyst?

A

Enzymes

65
Q

What is the active site on an enzyme?

A

The region on the surface of an enzyme that interacts with other molecules of complementary shape and charge

66
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

Nucleotides

67
Q

Which nucleic acid is the source of the use and storage of energy at the cellular level?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

BIOM*2000 (16 decks)

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