The Refomration Continues Flashcards
-huldrych zwingli:
egan religious reform in switzerland, catholic priest in Zurich, influenced by christian humansim of erasum and by reforms of luther, openely attacked absues in catholic churhc, called for return to the more personal faith of early christianity, wanted believers to have more control over church
-swiss protestans and catholics war
during war zwingli met his death
-calvin:
published institues of christian religion, wrote that men and women are sinful by nature, went on to say that god chooses a very few people to save, believed god has knwon since the beginning of time who will be saved
-the elect:
god chooses a very few people to save
-institues of christian religion:
xpressed ideas about god, salvation, and human nature, summary of protestant theology or religious beliefs
-predestination
doctrine of god knowing since the beginning of time who will be saved
-calvinsim:
religion based on calvin’s teachings
-theocracy
government controlled by religious leaders
-calvin and geneva switzerland:
ran city according to strict rules, everyone attended religion class, no one wore bright clothnig or played card games, authorities would imprison excommunicate or banish those who broke such rules, anyone who preached different doctrine might be burned at stake, MODEL CITY OF HIGHLY MORAL CITIZENS
-john knox
put calvin’s ideas to work, each community church was governed by a group of laymen called elders or presbyters
-presbyterians:
followers of knox
-swiss dutch and french reformers:
adopted calvinist form of church organization
-calvin influential:
protestant churches today trace roots to calvin
-huguenots
france, calvin’s followers, hatred between catholic and them led to violence
-catholic feast of st. bartholomew’s day:
catholic mobs began hunting for protestants and murdering them, massacres spread to other cities and lasted six months
-protstants teachings
bible is source of all religious truth and that people should read it to discover new truths, formed over differences in belief
-anabaptists
aptized only those persons who were old enough to decide to be christians, tuaght tha church and state should be seperate, refused to fight in wars, shared their possessions, presecuted, became forerunners of mennonites and amish
-marguerite of navarre, sister of king francis I<
protected john calvin from beging executed for his beliefs while he lived in france
-women:
: proteced reformers, wives of some reformers had influence
-katherine zell:
married to matthew zell of strasbourg once solded a minsiter for speaking harshly of another reformer
-katherine von bora
luther’s wife, sent to a convent at about 10, become a nun fled the convent, had six children, managed family finances, fed all who visited her house, supported her husband’s work, respected luther’s position but argued with him about women’s equal role in marriage
-women in religion:
men religious leaders narrowly limited women’s activities to home and discouraged them from being leaders in church
-catholic reformation:
heljping catholic remain loyal, movement within catholic church to reform itself, important leaders: igantitus, paul III and Paul IV
-igantius of loyola
injuired in war, thought about his past sins and about life of jesus, daily devotions cleansed his soul, spiritaul exercies,
-spiritaul exceriess:
laid out day by day plan of meditation, prayer, and study, compared spiritiaul and physical excerise
-society of jesus:
pope created religious order for his followers
-jesuits:
: focused on three acitivites, founded schools throughout europe, jesuit teachers were well trained in both classical studies and theology, convert nonchristians to catholicism, sent out missionaries around world, stop spread of protestantism, overcame the firt toward protestantism in poland and southern germany
-paul III:
directed council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in chruch, approved jesuit order, used inquisition to seek out heresy in papal terriority, council of church leaders to meet in trent in northern italy
-council of trent:
agreed on several doctrines, church intreprretation of bible was final (any christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic), christians needed fiath and good works for slavtion (not saved by faith alone, as luther argued)< bible and church tradition were equLly powerful authroties for guiding christian life indulgences were valied expressions of faith, false selling of indulgences was banned,
-paul IV
vigorously carried out council’s decrees, had officials draw up a lsitof books considered dangerous to catholci faith, list was known was indexof forbidden books, catholic bishops throughout europe were ordered to gather up offensive books (including protestant bibes) and burn them in bonfires
-reformation impact:
set stage for modern world, ended christian unity of europe and left it culturally divided
protestant churhces:
lourished and new deoniminations develped
-roman catholic church:
became more unified as a result of reforms started at council of trent
-catholics and protestants:
gave more emphasis to role of education in promoting their beliefs, led to founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughoug europe
women reformers:
hoped to see status of women in church and society improved as a reuslt of the reformation, remained much same both under protestians and roman catholisism, mainly limited to concerns of home and family
individual monarchs and state:
gained power, led to development of mdoern nation states, rulers of nationstates would seek more power for themselves and their counries through warfare exploration and expansion
-questioning of beliefs and authroity
laid groundwork for enlightement,
roman catholicsim leadership
pope is head of church
roman catholism salvation
by faith and good works
bible roman catholicms
church and bible tradition are sources of revealed truth
worship service romn catholicism
based on ritual
roman catholism interpretation of beliefs
preists interpret bible and church teachings for believers
lutheranism leadership
ministers lead congreagtions
lutheransim salvation
by fiaht alone
lutheranism bible
bible is sole source of revelaed truth
lutheranism worship service
focused on preaaching and ritual
lutheranism inteprertation of beliefs
believers interpret bible for themselvers
valinvism leadership
council of elders govern each church
calvinsim salvation
god predetermiend who will be saved
bible calvinism
sole source of reveleaed truth
worship service calvinism
focused on preaching
interpretation of beliefs calvinism
interpret bible for themselves
anglicansim leadership
english monarch is head of church
slavation anglicanism
salvation by faith alone
bible anglicansim
sole source of revealed truth
worship service anglicansim
based on ritual and preaching
anglicanism interpretation of beliefs
believers interpret bible using tradition and reason
