The Mongol Conquests

Question 1

-steppe:

Answer 1

belt of dry grassland, stress across eurasia, significance was twofold, 1. served as land route to east and west 2. home to nomadic people

Question 2

-western steppe

Answer 2

runs from central asia to eastern europe, home of ancient invaders (hittites)

Question 3

-eastern steppe:

Answer 3

covering mongolia, home of huns, turks, mongols

Question 4

-climate of steppe:

Answer 4

little ran, dry windswept plain support short hardy grasses, seasonal temperature changes, west= more rainfall and milder than east, people toward west and south

Question 5

-pastoralists

Answer 5

herded domesticated animals, always on move, looking for good pasture to feed herd, followed seasonal pattern and returned on a regular basis to same campsites, keeping claim to land that was not permanently occupied was difficult, result in battles for grassland and water rights

Question 6

-asian nomads: l

Answer 6

lived on horseback, followed herds over steppe, animals = food, clothing and housing, diet= meat and mare’s milk, clothes = silk and wool, lived in yurts, portable felt tents

Question 7

-clans:

Answer 7

kinship groups

Question 8

-steppe nomads:

Answer 8

traveled together in clans, members claimed to descended from common ancestor, to attack enemy or neighbors get together with different clams

Question 9

-settled people and nomadic:

Answer 9

engaged in peaceful trade

Question 10

-nomads: a

Answer 10

accustomed to scarcity and hardship, prided on their toughness, take riches and land by force (make settled people fear rades)

Question 11

-nomads and plundering:

Answer 11

rode out of steppe to invade, if state was divided and weak = plunder more, state strong= protect from them, sometimes powerful nomadic group could take over whole empire,

Question 12

-mongol people:

Answer 12

first loosely organized but then united with purpose of conquest

Question 13

-genghis khan (temujin):

Answer 13

unify mongols under his leadership, universal ruler of mongol clans, died in 1227 from illness

Question 14

-khan and fighting: l

Answer 14

led in conquering much of asia, first goal was china, the islamic region west of mongolia, launched campaign of terror across central asia, destroyed one city after another, central was under mongol control

Question 15

-characteristics of khan:

Answer 15

brilliant organiser, gifted strategist, used cruelty as weapon

Question 16

-brilliant organiser:

Answer 16

(grouped warriors in armies of 10,000)

Question 17

-gifted strategist:

Answer 17

used tricks to confuse enemy, pretend to run away but then when enemy following everybody would appear and kill them

Question 18

-used cruelty as weapon :

Answer 18

terrify enemy to surrender, if city not open gate he might kill entire population, terror inspired spread ahead of their armies which then towns ordered without a fight

Question 19

-after khan’s death

Answer 19

successors expand empire, conquered territory from china to poland, drove south east and west out asia, created largest united land empire in history, turned attention to persia

Question 20

-division of of empire:

Answer 20

: into four khanates

Question 21

-khanates:

Answer 21

regions, khanate of great khan (mongolia and china), khanate of chagatai (central asia), ilkhanate (persia), khanate of golden horse (russia), descendent of genghis ruled each khanate

Question 22

-areas conquered by mongols: n

Answer 22

never recovered, population wiped out, destroyed irrigation system, land no longer support resettlement,

Question 23

-mongols rulers:

Answer 23

tolerant in peace, rarely imposed beliefs or way of life on those conquered, adopted aspects of culture of the people they ruled, ex: ilkhanate and golden horde became muslims, growing cultural differences among khanates contributed to eventual splitting up of empire

Question 24

-pax mongolica

Answer 24

mongol peace, mongols imposed stability and law and order across much of eurasia, guaranteed safe passage from one end of empire to another,

Question 25

trade in pax mongolica:

Answer 25

never more active, ideas and inventions traveled among with trade goods, innovations reached europe

Question 26

-bubonic plague:

Answer 26

first spread by mongols and traveled along trade routes or passed to others by infected mongol troops