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HLI > The reaction of skin to injury > Flashcards

The reaction of skin to injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names for hyperkeratosis where squamous epithelial cells are (A) nuclear and (B) anuclear

A

(A) orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis

(B) parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

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2
Q

Causes of hyperkeratosis

A 
congenital ichthyosis
Vit A deficiency
Zinc deficiency
Seborrhea
Sarcoptic mange
Superficial necroltic dermatitis
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3
Q

What is seborrhea?

A

Nonspecific name for clinical signs of excessive scaling, crusting and greasiness. Has no relevance to actual meaning of “excess flow of sebum”

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4
Q

What’s a hyperplastic disease?

A

Alteration of epidermal growth and differentiation, characterised by increase in the number of cells

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5
Q

Acanthosis refers to?

A

Increase in thickness of stratum spinosum

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6
Q

Hyperplasia occurs as a primary lesion in:

A

Callus
Sarcoptic mange
Actinic keratosis

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7
Q

Hyperplasia is?

A

thickening of all cell layer except the stratum corneum

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8
Q

Erosion is:

A

Loss of the superficial portion of epidermis

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9
Q

Ulceration is:

A

loss of an area of full thickness of the epidermis and portion of the dermis which is exposed

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10
Q

Causes of epidermal necrosis

A

Physical injury (chemical, burns, radiation)
Chemical
Injury as a result of vasculitis, ischemia and infarction

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11
Q

What is intercellular oemema of the epidermis called?

A

spongiosis

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12
Q

What characterises ballooning degeneration?

A

infiltration of fluid into keratinoctyes -> swelling of cells to sphericals -> cell burst and membrane remains in network patter (reticular degeneration)

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13
Q

What is acantholysis?

A

the disruption of intercellular junctions (desmosomes) between keratinocytes of the epidermis. This process is initiated by damage or defects in adhesion molecules. Usually occurs in immune mediated diseases.

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14
Q

What are vesicles?

A

fluid filled cavities beneath the epidermis

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15
Q

What is a bulla

A

a vesicle greater than 1cm

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16
Q

Causes of spongiosis

A

staphylococcus spp

Malassezia infection

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17
Q

Causes of ballooning degeneration

A

Poxivirus infection
Herpesvirus infection
Superficial trauma to epidermis

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18
Q

Vesicles occur in

A

Virus infections
Thermal burns
Some drug and allergic reations

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19
Q

What is a pastule?

A

Cavities filled with neutrophils (pus)

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20
Q

Causes of pastules

A

Bacterial skin infection

Pemphigus foliaceus

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21
Q

What is hyperpigmentation?

A

Increased melanin production

22
Q

Causes of hyperpigmentation

A 
Chronic inflammatory disease
Edocrine dermatoses (hyperadrenocorticism)
23
Q

Causes of ulcers

A

Self trauma (excoration)
Disease -> inflammation and necrosis (e.g viral infections. Some immune mediated diseases and burns)
Ischaemia secondary to vasculature compromise (vasculitis)

24
Q

What are crusts?

A

dried fluid and cellular debris located on the epidermal surface

25
Q

Primary crusts

A

allergic dermatitis

26
Q

secondary crusts

A

inflammation, excoriation, ulceration and necrosis, rupture of pastules

27
Q

Diseases causing ulceration and crusting

A 
Allergic skin disease
Greasy pig disease
Photosensitization, burns
Dermatophilosis
Sarcoptic mange
Pemphigus foliaceus
28
Q

Causes of follicular atrophy

A 
hormonal abnormalities (hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism)
nutritional abnormalities
scar formation (eg following furunculosis or folliculitis, sebaceous adenitis or alopecia areata
29
Q

Folliculitis

A

Inflammation of the hair follicle

30
Q

Furunculosis

A

rupture of the follicular due to inflammation

31
Q

Diseases causeing folliculitis/furuncolosis

A

Demodectic mange
Dermatophytosis (ringworm)
Bacterial infections (straphylococcus spp) with pyoderma

32
Q

Characteristics of dermal atrophy

A

Decrease in collaged fibrils and fibroblasts -> decrease in thickness which becomes thin and translucent

33
Q

Diseases of dermal atrophy

A

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Syndrome)
Hypothyroidism
Congenital collagen defects (Ehler’s Danlos syndrome)

34
Q

Conditions with Dermal Fibrosis

A

Scars

Proud flesh

35
Q

Characterisation of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

A

Eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells

36
Q

Diseases with dermal inflammation:

A

Mycobacteriosis
Insect-bite hypersensitivity
Eosinophilic granuloma in cats
Deep pyoderma as a result of furunculosis

37
Q

What is Congenital ichthyosis?

A

Lamellar hyperkeratosis due to increased cohesion of defective dishesion of keratinocytes associated with short epidermal turnover.

38
Q

Features of congenital ichthyosis

A

scaling, lichenification and crusting

39
Q

Callus?

A

localised, hyperplastic skin reaction to trauma caused by pressure or friction.

40
Q

what is Actinic Keratosis?

A

solar induced hyperplastic lesion. Normally on non pigmented and sparsley haired skin.
May progress to squamous cell carcinoma

41
Q

What is Type I photosensitisation?

A

ingestion of plant or drug with photoreactive substances

42
Q

What is Type II photosensitisation?

A

Animals have genetic inhability to metabolise haem pigments.

43
Q

What is Type III or hepatogenous photosensitisation?

A

abnormal buildup of phylloerythrin (product of chlorophyll) due to damaged liver

44
Q

Lesions of photosensitisation

A

on non pigmented/hairless skin.

May cause extensive oeedema -> facial eczema

45
Q

Progression of burns

A

erythema (redness due to dilation of capillaries) -> erosion -> ulceration -> vesicles due to dermal/epidermal separation.
- In full thickness necrosis the damaged skin becomes firm and dry due to avascular necrosis and eventually sloughs.

46
Q

What is contagious ecthyma (orf)?

A

Localised infection of young sheep and goats caused by a parapoxvirus

47
Q

Gross lesions in orf

A

vesicle -> pastule -> crust -> scar

48
Q

What is dermatophylosis?

A

Caused by bacterium dermatophilus congolensis.

It is a pastular, exudative dermatitis

49
Q

Gross lesions in Dermatophylosis

A

raised, alopecic and sometimes papillomatous lesions covered by a thick keratinized crust

50
Q

what causes Greasy pig disease

A

Straphyloccus hyicus

51
Q

Gross lesions of greasy pig disease

A

the skin is greasy and erythematous with malodorous exudate

52
Q

Pathogenesis of greasy pig disease

A

starts as a pastular disease which extends to follicles; the pastules rupture->exudate dries and the crust forms; exfoliative staphylococcal toxins digest desmoglein 1 involved.

HLI (12 decks)

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