The psychology of suicidal behaviour & suicide worldwide in 2019: Global health estimates Flashcards
prevalences of suicide ideation/plans/attempts
- 9.2%
- 3.1%
- 2.7%
(dus niet heel veel verschil tussen plannen en attempts)
risk of non-lethal suicidal behaviour is increased in..
young people
women
unmarried people
socially disadvantaged people
wat is de grootste risico factor
having a psychiatric disorder -> 90% (maar most people who have a psychiatric disorder do not become suicidal: dus geen goede predictive factor)
interpersonal theory of suicide
thwarted belongingness (i am alone)
perceived burdensomeness
capability for suicide
leiden tot desire for suicide
waarvan een klein deel: lethal/near lethal attempts
integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour
premotivational phase = diathesis + environment + life events
motivational phase = defeat and humiliation + threats to self moderators -> entrapment + motivational moderators -> suicidal ideation and intent + volitional moderators -> suicidal behaviour
risks for suicidal behaviour of personality and individual differences
- hopelessness
- impulsivity
- perfectionism (vooral socially)
- big five: high neuroticism, low extraversion
- optimism and resiliance low
cognitive factors for suicide
- cognitive rigidity
- rumination
- autobiographical memory biases
- belongingness and burdensomeness
- fearlessness and pain insensitivity
- problem solving and coping
wat zijn sociale factoren die suicide risk beinvloeden
- family history of suicide (social transmission effect)
- exposure to suicidal behaviour
- modelling effects in media
door contagion, imitation, suggestion, social learning.
negative life events risk
- childhood adversities (dose response relationship between the number of adversities and the risk of suicide attempts).
- traumatic events in adulthood
- physical illnesses
- interpersonal stressors (romantic, legal, financial, non-hetero, bullying, victimization)
of ppl who struggle with suicidal thoughts, …. % do not seek help
60%
(door low perceived need and a preference to handle the issue independently)
psychological treatments for suicidal behaviour
- some forms of cbt but not enough
- recent interventions: collaborative assessment, safety planning
definitie suicide attempt=
any non-fatal self-harming behaviour, whether it involves intentional poisoning, injury or self-harm, with or without a fatal intent.
hoeveel doden per dag
5 ….
suicide ranks as the 4th leading cause of death among 15-29 years old, with 77% of cases occuring in low- and middle-income countries.
oke
common methods of suicide
pesticide ingestion
hanging
firearms use
gender paradox =
females more attemtps and thoughts and depression
men more death
while high income countries boast better suicide prevention resources…
paradoxically exhibit higher suicide rates.
- better registration?
- more individualisation?
- lack of community cohesion?
global suicide rates trends
suicide rates are declining (36%), except for in americas (rise of 17%).
suicide trends in NL
stable sinds 2013
methodological challenges of registering suicide rates
- difference in survey instruments
- samples
- language
- stigma
- literacy
- timeframe (people are inconsistent in answering)
national agenda for suicide prevention, WHO:
- dare and learn to talk about suicide
- train professionals
- invest in suicide prevention in neighbourhoods
- increase reach of specific risk groups
- improve care by collaborating between professionals, loved ones and people with lived experiences
- limiting access to means
- developing national learning system
Assortative homophily
Likeminded individuals tend to be drawn to each other, and form social connections based on shared traits, interests or experiences
