How to best study the process of underlying intrusive thinking and its control

Question 1

wat is kenmerkend aan intrusive thoughts & memory

Answer 1

intrusive thoughts often involve contents encoded into longterm memory, including personal autobiographical and other declarative memories. these thoughts are frequently elicited by environmental or internal cues

Question 2

which process during memory encoding influences the later intrusiveness

Answer 2

emotional intensity: emotional memories are often stronger and more resistant to forgetting, potentially due to

Question 3

what can mitigate the impact of upsetting events on memory intrusiveness

Answer 3

• retrieval-induced forgetting
• retrieval suppression

Question 4

waardoor is een herinnering weer ‘kneedbaar’

Answer 4

memories may enter the process of consolidation and be stored in long-term memory (LTM). upon retrieval, a consolidated LTM may reenter working memory and be temporarily put to use or trigger mechanisms of extinction or reconsolidation.

Question 5

conflicting views on thought suppression

Answer 5

some consider suppression unhealthy, others argue for its functional purposes such as maintaining focus and emotional balance after upsetting events

Question 6

kritiek op het punt dat “suppression of unwanted thoughts is maladaptive”

Answer 6

1. suppressing these thoughts is widespread behaviour, also used to focus on tasks
2. achieving emotional balance often involves actively regulating unwelcome thoughts and feelings.
3. after trauma, many individuals face intrusions that typically diminish over time
4. individuals who cannot discard anxious thoughts are generally considered less healthy
5. inhibitory control and attentional control actually appear to be important in unwanted thoughts.
6. therapists who zeggen dat suppression slecht is maken wel gebruik van therapieen die hier juist gebruik van maken.

Question 7

hoe kan deze slechte associatie verklaard worden

Answer 7

door research on the white bear paradigm

Question 8

white bear paradigm =

Answer 8

suggest that attempts to suppress certain thoughts paradoxically lead to their increased occurrence, known as the rebound effect. however, this is not a universal model for all intrusive thoughts.

Question 9

kritiek op white bear paradigm

Answer 9

1. the white bear paradigm requires integrating the suppressed thought with the task goal (kijken of je er aan hebt gedacht -> je moet dus letten op of je er aan denkt), wat leadt tot self-defeating behaviour.
2. white bear suppression inventory: limited correlation and conflicting parts
3. studies demonstrate minimal differences in suppression across control and psychiatric populations -> dus is het wel geassocieerd met disordered control?
4. confusion in terminology: retrieval suppression is niet hetzelfde als dingen als expressive suppression & avoidance & cognitive avoidance etc.

Question 10

dus verschil white bear suppression en retrieval suppression

Answer 10

white bear suppression = involves consciously avoiding a specific unwanted thought for a set duration

retrieval suppression = aims to stop recalling content associated with a reminder while focusing on the reminder itself

Question 11

expressive suppresion =

Answer 11

inhibiting behaviours linked to emotional states. requires motor control

Question 12

cognitive avoidance =

Answer 12

entirely avoiding reminders that could trigger unwanted thoughts or emotions.

Question 13

verschil cognitive avoidance and retrieval suppression

Answer 13

bij CA: avoiding confrontation
retrieval suppression: requires a person to confront reminders directly

Question 14

distraction verschil

Answer 14

distraction redirects attention from emotions or thoughts to other stimuli

Question 15

wat is zo voordelig aan suppression

Answer 15

it can regulate negative affect associated with intrusive memories, and can cause forgetting of these memories

Question 16

Think/No Think task =

Answer 16

participants first learn cue-target pairs (words/pictures/autobiographical memory cues). during the trials they encounter reminder cues along with task cues. a green box to signal to retrieve the associated memory, a red box to suppress the memory item. -> assess whether participants experience intrusions despite attempting to suppress retrieval.

Question 17

wat zijn resultaten van think/no think task

Answer 17

• suppression induced focetting: memory declines compared to actively retrieved memories
• suppression regulates negative affect (adaptive nature)
• individuals can maybe downregulate intrusions over repeated suppression tasks

Question 18

ook kan retrieval induced forgetting er voor zorgen dat competing memories ook vergeten worden (controlling intrusive thoughts!)

Answer 18

oke

Question 19

experience/thought sampling=

Answer 19

assess mind wandering in real time. involves ppl signaling when they catch themselves mind wandering/having intrusions. either in lab or through diaries or phones.
or ppl may be probed at irregular intervals to report their current state of attention

Question 20

trauma film paradigm

Answer 20

simulate intrusive memories of distressing events using film stimuli. film contains traumatic content, then they record memories in diaries or or signal their occurence through buttons pressing.

Question 21

pavlovian conditioning

Answer 21

a neutral stimulus CS+ is paired with an aversive stimulus US, whilst another stimulus CS- is not paired with the US. through repeated pairings, the CS+ acquires aversive qualities and elicits a conditioned response.
with extinction learning, the defensive response diminishes after repeated presentations of the CS+ without the US.

Question 22

retrieval induced forgetting=

Answer 22

retrieval-practice paradigm. ppl learn to associate a cue with multiple items, then are asked to recall only a subset of them. this process naturally selects relevant information, leading to inhibition-induced forgetting of non-selected items.