Lecture 8: Deconstructing fear memory, extinction and reconsolidation Flashcards
psychotherapy; not based an empirical science until the 1960s.
oke
extreme examples of psychotherapy
- centrifuge therapy (people with mental disorders are out of balance, and they had to sit in a chair and were spinned very fast to ‘regain the balance’)
- insulin shock therapy
- hydrotherapy
- lobotomy (damage the connections in the frontal lobe: only in 1949 they received the Nobel price)
the importance of historical awareness:
- scientists should not overestimate the significance of their discoveries
- science is an ongoing process: it is not so much about the facts. the process of thinking and arguing and of critically testing ideas is at least as important as knowing the facts
facts over anxiety
- anxiety disorders are a leading form of mental illness in the world
- 60 million in europe
- anxiety disorders are conceptualized as irrational and learned fears
- irrespective of learning history, associative fear memory lies at the core of anxiety disorders
dont underestimate phobias!!! deze kunnen ook heel invaliderend en interruptive zijn in iemands leven (niet meer naar buiten gaan door angst voor spinnen/honden/ziek worden)
oke
bij welke paradigma’s geen aandacht voor emotional memory
behaviourism & biological psychiatry (gaat over biomarkers)
formule voor fear learning and memory
CS+ -> US
fear conditioning paradigm =
- Fear memory is strong - generalizes over time, context and stimuli from the same semantic category.
- Strong fear memory is functional and taps into one of the most important survival circuits. (rational fears are functional)
- But what if fear is irrational such as in anxiety disorders?
- Similar neurobiological processes for irrational fears.
two key aspects of fear learning: why do we do it?
- predictability
- controllability
hoe denken mensen met anxiety over hun fears
ze weten vaak dat hun angsten irrationeel zijn, maar cannot let go of their anxiety. it feels like they are in danger when the situation actually happens, but then afterwards they know it is dysfunctional.
outstanding question =
How can we explain that irrational fears cannot be controlled by rational thinking and that they are so difficult to treat?
-> Understanding how we can change unduly intense fear by targeting processes of fear learning and memory.
extinction=
als je de CS na fear acquisition laat volgen door no-US, dan neemt de fear response (CS) na een tijdje weer af.
wat laat de retention test zien
na een korte interval (dus een paar uur) -> no freezing response, no expression of the fear memory
na een lange interval (couple of days or weeks) -> return of fear, spontaneous recovery
four ways of return of fear
- spontaneous recovery (dus gewoon een tijd wachten, dan leidt presentatie van de CS weer tot return of CR)
- reinstatement (alleen presentatie van de US (schock) kan in zichzelf weer leiden tot angst voor de CS (spin etc))
- renewal (changing the context, or leaving the therapeutic context)
- rapid reacquisition (new learning experience, when the CS-US pair after extinction is presented again)
in human fear conditioning research we always need…
a control stimulus: we are measuring the startle response, but for physiological measures (heart rate, skin conduction, startle response) we ALWAYS need a baseline, anders kan je niks zeggen over of iets fear is (heart rate of 65 -> zegt helemaal niks zonder een referentiepunt)
(in animals kan je makkelijk freezing behaviour zien. maar dit mag niet in mensen)
hoe kan je de context bestuderen in een studie
3 condities met verschillende kleuren labs.
- ABA (rood-groen-rood) = na de extinction weer de acquisition
- ABC (rood-groen-blauw) = elke keer anders, dit is representatief voor clinical practice (we weten niet waar het is gestart, dan extinction in therapeutic context en dan moet de patient het zelf weer in andere contexten uit gaan testen)
- AAA (rood-rood-rood) = controle