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Germany, 1871-1990 > The position of women in German society has shown little change throughout the years in 1871-1990. How far do you agree with this statement? > Flashcards

The position of women in German society has shown little change throughout the years in 1871-1990. How far do you agree with this statement? Flashcards

1
Q

How could the overall change in Women’s position be described?

A

Pendulum like

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2
Q

What could be said to be the turning point for Women?

A

WW1

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3
Q

What is there a theme of throughout German history?

A

Disadvantage relative to their male counterparts

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4
Q

In the Kaiserreich what legalised the lower status of women?

A

national civil code

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5
Q

What did the National Civil Code Assert?

A

men had authority in all matters relating to his family’s children and over his wife’s property and power of attorney over his wife’s legal contracts.

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6
Q

Could women vote during the Kaiserreich?

A

No

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7
Q

Finish the sentence: whilst industrialisation did give more employment opportunities to women…

A

the work was clearly segregated from the men’s.

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of women’s jobs during industrialisation

A

textiles, clothes-making and food processing

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9
Q

In industrialisation, Women did things such as textiles, clothes-making and food processing. What three things were bad about these?

A

least skilled, lowest paid and without union protection

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10
Q

Why was the societal concern about the number of women in the workplace during the Kaiserreich?

A

People feared that it led to bad health, leading to increased infant mortality and miscarriages. Large numbers of women died in childbirth.

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11
Q

What did the government refuse to do to Women’s employment in the Kaiserreich?

A

Make reforms meaning that the employment problems persisted until the outbreak of war

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12
Q

Bismarck’s welfare provision did contain specific benefits for women. By 1891, what were women guaranteed?

A

An 11 hour working day and 6 weeks’ maternity

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13
Q

As a part of Bismarck’s welfare provision, by 1891 what were women barred from doing?

A

working in mines

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14
Q

As a part of Bismarck’s welfare provision, by 1891 what provision did he make that could be said to re-assert their domestic role?

A

women were allowed more time off at lunch on Saturdays so that they could carry out domestic duties

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15
Q

Who set up the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests and when was this?

A

Emma Ihrer 1885

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16
Q

What did Emma Ihrer’s 1885 Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests do?

A

support working women by providing the services of doctors and lawyers for free

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17
Q

Why was the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ interest’s support for working women by providing the services of doctors useful?

A

Because of the number of women who died in childbirth

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18
Q

What shows that the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests was effective?

A

Banned by the government 1886

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19
Q

When the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests was banned by the government in 1886, how many active members did it have?

A

1000

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20
Q

Ihrer, who set up the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests, also was the first and only woman to do what?

A

the first and only women elected to the General Commission of German Trade Unions in 1890

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21
Q

Ihrer was the first and only women elected to the General Commission of German Trade Unions in 1890, what did she use this position to do?

A

push for increased women’s rights in the workplace

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22
Q

Who led the SPD’s women’s section during the Kaiserreich?

A

Clara Zetkin

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23
Q

What did Clara Zetkin’s section of the SPD publish?

A

the women’s newspaper Die Gleichheit (Equality)

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24
Q

What did Clara Zetkin start?

A

the first ever international women’s day on 19th March 1911

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25
Q

What augments the importance of the SPD having a Women’s party?

A

By 1912 they were the most popular German party and by 1912 they had 38% of the vote

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26
Q

What is a limitation of talking about Clara Zetkin and Emma Ihrer?

A

These women were the exception rather than the rule

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27
Q

When was the BDF founded?

A

1894

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28
Q

The BDF, the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine, translates to what?

A

Union of German Feminist Organisations

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29
Q

Who supported the BDF?

A

Middle class women

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30
Q

What did the BDF campaign for?

A

middle class women to have equality in education and politics and be allowed to organise their own financial affairs

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31
Q

What two prominent German feminists were arrested during WW1 for their political activism?

A

Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg

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32
Q

Despite the fact that the type of work that women undertook during WW1 changing demonstrably, what did not see significant change?

A

The number of women in work

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33
Q

The shortage of male workers in WW1 meant that what happened for women?

A

women began working in areas previously forbidden such as heavy industry including chemicals, iron, steel and engineering.

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34
Q

What two sectors did women take up key positions ii during WW1 ?

A

german postal service and transport sector

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35
Q

In some households, what did Women become during WW1?

A

The primary breadwinner

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36
Q

What change in governmental tone was experienced over the course of WW1?

A

Women’s work was actively encouraged by the government as being essential for the war effort

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37
Q

What is the most significant factor in re-defining the role of women?

A

WW1

38
Q

What kind of earners emerged in Weimar?

A

Double-earners

39
Q

Though some double earners existed in Weimar, what was the expectation for Women?

A

there was still an expectation in many places that women should stop working when married so that they could focus on domestic life and raising a family

40
Q

The significant changes that there were in Weimar were limited in what way?

A

They only affected an urban minority. For those in rural areas, life remained very traditional.

41
Q

When were women given the right to vote and to stand for office?

A

November 12th 1919

42
Q

In 1919 Women made up what proportion of the Weimar parliament?

A

9.6%

43
Q

What was the average Women composition of the Weimar parliament?

A

6-7%

44
Q

Despite the relatively low levels of Women in the Weimar parliament, it was still a huge improvement compared to other European countries. In the UK women could not vote on the same terms as men until when?

A

1928

45
Q

What percentage of the Länder parliaments were made up by women?

A

6.1%

46
Q

How did the Weimar constitution move away from Bismarck’s civil code?

A

guaranteed equality in education and equal employment opportunity and pay in the civil service

47
Q

Weimar Women emerged because what removed the traditional idea of marriage for many?

A

The loss of 2 million men in ww1

48
Q

What culture did Weimar Women follow?

A

The USA’s jazz culture

49
Q

When was abortion legalised in cases where the mother was at risk?

A

1926

50
Q

What is the Nazi slogan for Women?

A

Kinder Kirche Küche

51
Q

What does Kinder Kirche Küche translate into?

A

Children Church Kitchen

52
Q

For those women who had enjoyed the increased freedom that Weimar brought, what Nazi view could be viewed as a regressive step?

A

Nazi’s view that the nation’s strength and vigour relied on Women leading traditional lives

53
Q

What three policies did the Nazis role out from 1933 that negatively affected the lives of women?

A
  • Banned from practising law or medicine
  • Female teachers dismissed and barred from jury service — the number of teachers declined by 15% 1933-35
  • Only 10% of university places could be reserved for women, with previous attendance at 20%
54
Q

What was the Mutterkreuz?

A

The mother’s cross, an award for Women who had lots of children

55
Q

What were the different categories of the Mutterkreuz?

A

Gold for 8 kids, silver for 6 and bronze for 4.

56
Q

During the Nazi period, how many men and women were sterilised?

A

350 000

57
Q

Though it may be demeaning, how could the Mutterkreuz be considered to be a good thing?

A

If you were already a traditional german Woman wanting children

58
Q

What serves as an acknowledgement that the Nazis’ economic policies were good for all?

A

That the Nazis got a lot of support for women in the 1933 election

59
Q

What did the Nazis remove for women in 1937?

A

The Nazis removed the restriction on marriage loans to include females in 1937

60
Q

Why did the Nazis remove the restriction on marriage loans to include women in 1937?

A

they saw the need for female workers in preparing for war

61
Q

despite the Nazi’s policies, what percentage of the workforce did Women make up in 1933 and 1939?

A

33% of the Workforce by 1939 compared to 37% in 1933

62
Q

In 1939, what percentage of the clothing industry employees were women?

A

66%

63
Q

In 1939, what percentage of the metalwork industry employees were women?

A

12%

64
Q

Between which Nazi dates did women’s wage increase faster than men’s?

A

1935-38

65
Q

Hitler was concerned about being unpopular during the war, so what was relaxed for women?

A

Restriction on clothing and makeup

66
Q

What suggests that the Nazi’s changes were popular particularly amongst women of child-bearing age, older women and children?

A

The lack of protest

67
Q

What was the girls’ organisation called under the Nazis?

A

BDM (league of German Girls - Bund Deutscher Mädel)

68
Q

Why was the BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel) popular?

A

Gave poor girls opportunities that would have previously been unattainable

69
Q

Complete the sentence: though Women served a more traditional role in Nazi Germany,

A

the value of their position was not diminished

70
Q

Despite an economic boom, what percentage of the workforce did Women make up by 1980?

A

39% of the workforce

71
Q

Compare the percentage of the workforce that Women made up by 1980 with the Nazis and Weimar?

A

39% was only 2% above Weimar and 6% above the Nazis which suggests that that economic independence and status had had a negligible improvement over the time.

72
Q

Positions available in the FRG were more often filled by which group than by Women?

A

Immigrants

73
Q

By 1980, women still occupied which kind of jobs?

A

Lowest paid

74
Q

What percentage of part time work was done by women in the FRG?

A

90%

75
Q

What percentage lower was women’s pay than men’s in the FRG?

A

30% lower than men’s

76
Q

What percentage of hospital and school staff were women in 1989?

A

75% of hospital staff and 50% of teaching staff

77
Q

What percentage of doctors, head teachers and professors were women in 1989?

A

4% of doctors, 20% of headteachers and 5% of university professors were women.

78
Q

When were women given legal equality with their husbands in the FRG?

A

1957

79
Q

What was removed in 1959?

A

the father’s complete say over matters relating to the family’s children was removed making it equal

80
Q

What spread to Germany during the 1970s?

A

feminist movements of the USA

81
Q

What three things did the 1970s feminist movement achieve?

A

complete marital equality, ease of divorce and an ability for women to seek jobs without their husband’s permission.

82
Q

When did female university admissions match men?

A

by the 1980s

83
Q

What percentage of ALL university students were women by 1989?

A

41%

84
Q

How was the social status of women judged until the end of the 1980s?

A

judged by their husband or father’s employment.

85
Q

What does the fact that until the end of the 1980s, the social status of a woman was judged by their husband or father’s employment suggest?

A

That there is a key theme of disadvantage running through German society

86
Q

Why would it be wrong to assert that there was little change to the lives of women?

A

So frequently was the role of women redefined by the governments

87
Q

where are there areas of sticking continuity throughout genre history for women?

A

Rural areas

88
Q

What comparison suggests a broad trajectory of long-term change?

A

Kaiserreich vs. FRG

89
Q

In what era was there significant short term change to the lives of women?

A

Weimar

90
Q

What group of women’s lives changed most?

A

Urban

Germany, 1871-1990 (32 decks)

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