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Germany, 1871-1990 > How far do you agree that the process of de-nazificaiton was mainly a failure? > Flashcards

How far do you agree that the process of de-nazificaiton was mainly a failure? Flashcards

1
Q

How should you approach this question

A

Look at the USA and Adenauer and then the extent to which each was a success

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2
Q

In the US occupied areas of West Germany, how were citizens judged?

A

through the Fragebogen

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3
Q

Many Germans had supported and still harboured deep support for what?

A

The nazi party

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4
Q

Why might Schumacher’s political outlook have been bitter?

A

He was attempting to represent the same people who had accepted, ignored or even supported the destruction of his party and imprisonment of its key members

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5
Q

How many questions on the Fragebogen?

A

133

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6
Q

What did the Americans persistently ignore?

A

The fact that in Nazi Germany, membership of the pArty and affiliation with its organisations such as the HJ was often compulsory and did not necessarily make you a die hard Nazi

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7
Q

What may the Fragebogen have asked?

A

Who they voted for in the 1933 election, whether they were a Junker, whether they had friends or relatives in the Nazi party.

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8
Q

What was Schumacher’s attitude towards the Fragebogen?

A

He called it an outrage against those who had resisted the Nazis, but this did little to deter US policy

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9
Q

Until you had been vetted by the Fragebogen, people could not do what?

A

Find a job or qualify for relief rations

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10
Q

Why did the four powers start to relax their strict de-Nazificaiton policies in 1946?

A

There were key areas of the German economy lacking any form of experienced management

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11
Q

Why did the US de-nazification policy create resentment?

A

It depleted the state of many key workers required to rebuild it

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12
Q

When did they move to the 5 category process?

A

October 1946

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13
Q

How many million Germans were being investigated for possible Nazi sympathies, indicative of the diplomatic problems that it caused?

A

2.5 million

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14
Q

How was the system corrupt?

A

de-Nazifiction certificates could be bought on the black market

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15
Q

In 1947, how many Germans thought to be in the more serious Nazi offender category were being kept in prison camps?

A

90 000

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16
Q

How many Fragebogens did the USA distribute?

A

13 million

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17
Q

When did the Official US process if deNezaficiation end?

A

1951

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18
Q

What does Vergangenhietspolitik translate into?

A

Politics for the past

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19
Q

What was the purpose of Vergangenheitspolitik?

A

Adenauer’s plan to annul many of the Allied punishments for millions of Germans deemed to be Nazi criminals

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20
Q

Vergangenheitspolitik was a part of Adenauer’s bid to do what?

A

Create a stable German society

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21
Q

By 1851, Adenauer’s amnesty legislation had benefited how many, previously classed as Nazi criminals?

A

800 000

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22
Q

What was Adenauer’s basic attitude?

A

As long as the Nazi regime had collapsed, the risk of their revival could be better reduced through a stable society

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23
Q

When was the first amnesty law?

A

May 1851

24
Q

What did the first amnesty law do?

A

It allowed 150 000 Germans officials who had been removed from their positions under the Allies to return to gov. administration

25
Q

Even more controversially than the first, what was the second amnesty law designed to do?

A

Anul the British process of de-Nazification

26
Q

How many Germans were granted amnesty as a result of the second amnesty law?

A

400 000

27
Q

When was the second amnesty law?

A

1854

28
Q

Who was the head of Adenauer’s chancellory?

A

Hans Globke

29
Q

Why was maintaining the support of right wing groups so important to Adenauer?

A

His coalition in the Bundestag relied heavily on them in 1951

30
Q

What was banned in August 1952 that shows that Adenauer did make some efforts to limit the legacy of Naziism?

A

Neo Nazi Socialist Reich Party

31
Q

When were the Neo NAzi Socialist Reich party banned?

A

August 1952

32
Q

What state did Adenauer give 3 billion german marks to on the 10th September 1952?

A

Israel

33
Q

What and when did Adenauer give to Israel?

A

3 billion german marks 10th September 1952

34
Q

Despite their questionable past, Adenauer was able to overlook ex NAzi members’ short comings because they shared what ideology?

A

anti Communist

35
Q

What percentage of foreign diplomats in high positions were ex Nazis?

A

66%

36
Q

What had sympathy for Hitler’s policies not done?

A

Evaporated since 1945

37
Q

Protests from professors and students where led to what?

A

1955 Göttingen university led to the CDU/FDP coalition in Lower Saxony to withdraw its appointment of Leonard Schulter as Minister for education

38
Q

Leonard Schulter, who had to be withdrawn as the education minster for Lower Saxony after protests in 1955 at the Göttingen university, called the Nazis what?

A

The best political movement that Germany had had in the 20th century

39
Q

Despite the opposition of Menzel and Schmid, what did the SPD largely support?

A

Adenauer’s policies

40
Q

Which prominent SPD members spoke out in 1955 against the amnesties passed by Adenauer?

A

Walter Menzel and Carlo Schmid

41
Q

The economic boom in the FRG in the 1950s combined with the return to high living standards mean that what?

A

The destruction of the war was more important that the pursuit of Nazi criminals and continuing to shine a spotlight on the past.

42
Q

Under the post-Fragebogen allied system, what happened to lesser offenders?

A

palced on probation for 2-3 years so they could contribute to the new Germany

43
Q

Under the post-Fragebogen system, what was introduced for the marginal people that was mroe efficient that the old system?

A

Special tribunals

44
Q

How many leading Nazis at the Nurmeberg trials?

A

21

45
Q

Which leading Nazi was sentenced to death but committedd suicide the night before?

A

Göring

46
Q

When were the Auschwitz trials held?

A

1947 in Poland

47
Q

Who was executed at the Auschwitz trials in Poland?

A

Rudolph Höss along with 5 million others

48
Q

How many Fragedbogens did the USA print?

A

12 million

49
Q

How mnay de-Nazification cases did the USA try?

A

170 000

50
Q

What was a weakenss of the Nuremberg trials?

A

Some very prominent Nazis were able to escape such as Eichman to Argentina and Josef Menegele to Brazil

51
Q

What percneatge of foreign office employees were former Nazis under Adenauer and how did he jsutify this?

A

Adenauer admitted that 66% of foreign office diplomats were former Nazis, however maintained that this was imperative for the successful functioning of the foreign office because of their experience. He believed it would have been counter-productive to bar them from the democracy when they had the ability to make a positive contribution to it.

52
Q

How many members did the NeoNazi socialsit Reichs party have?

A

over 10 000

53
Q

in lower saxony state elecitons, how well did the Socialist reichs party do?

A

it won aorund 11% of the vote in 1951

54
Q

What could explain Adenaeur’s approach to de-Nazification?

A

Self interest

55
Q

What are the four positivies of Adenauer’s approach to de-Nazificaiton in terms of impact?

A

Adenauer’s policies ensured a stable government over West Germany and enabled the growth of Democracy in the FRG

Adenauer avoided opening up the rift between left wing and right wing in the country which had been a great weakness of the Weimar democracy and avoided opening up substantial factions.

Former-Nazis in his government were no longer Nazi sympathisers and 1000s of Nazi criminals were arrested and sentenced

His policies enabled West Germany to enjoy the economic miracle soon after the most destructive war in European History.

56
Q

What are the two negatvies of Adenauer’s approach to de-Nazificaiton in terms of impact?

A

Adenauer’s approach meant that the FRG was built on morally dubious grounds which undermined the drive for democracy.

Many challenged Adenauer’s belief that de-Nazification was not compatible with the maintenance of peace and the building of democracy

Germany, 1871-1990 (32 decks)

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