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botaone > THE PLANT CELL: Structures & Functions > Flashcards

THE PLANT CELL: Structures & Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Biological process that includes capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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2
Q

Cellular process in which energy of organic molecules is released for biological work

A

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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3
Q

Plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction

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4
Q

The 2 people that invented the first compound microscope.

A

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

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5
Q

Englishman was the first to use the term “cell” based on his observations of the cork sliver under the microscope; these are included in his illustrated book Micrographia.

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

Dutch microscopist made his own microscopes (ca. 500) and observed various types of microscopic organisms;

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

he is known as the “Father Of Microscopy and Microbiology”

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

german microscopist , found that plants were composed of cells;

A

Matthias Schleiden

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9
Q

found that animals were composed of cells.

A

Theodore Schwann

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10
Q

German concluded that cells can only come from preexisting cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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11
Q

The cell theory states:

A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
All cells come only from other cells.

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12
Q

General Cell Types

A

Prokaryotic cells - Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic cells - Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

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13
Q

Cell structure is diverse but all cells share common characteristics such as (4)

A
  1. Genetic material – in a nucleoid or nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm – a semifluid matrix
  3. Plasma membrane – a phospholipid bilayer
  4. Ribosome for protein synthesis
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14
Q

Evolution of the eukaryotic cell

A

endosymbiont theory

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15
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria became mitochondria.

Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts.

Host cell was a large prokaryotic cell.

A

Endosymbiotic hypothesis

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16
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Similar to bacteria in both size and structure.

Bounded by a double membrane – the outer membrane may represent the engulfing vesicle, and the inner membrane from the prokaryote.

Each contain a circular DNA and divide by splitting

Have their own ribosomes and do produce some proteins like the prokaryotes

Have RNA base sequence suggesting a prokaryotic origin.

A

Evidences for the endosymbiotic hypothesis

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17
Q

With a membrane-bound nucleus

With membrane-bound organelles

Cellular functions compartmentalize within organelles and the endomembrane system

possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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18
Q

Three structures define a plant cell:

A

Cellulosic Cell Wall
Plastids
Large Central Vacuole

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19
Q

First wall laid down
Outer wall
Surrounds growing cells, meristematic cells, Cells in succulent tissues
Composed of Cellulose, Hemicellulose: alkali-soluble portion of the cell wall, Pectin: water soluble, Glycoprotein

A

Primary Wall

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20
Q

Inner wall
Surrounds cells of secondary tissues
Wood, cork

Composed of
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin
Lignin/suberin

A

Secondary Wall

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21
Q

Long chain of ß glucose monomers

A

Cellulose molecule

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22
Q

all higher plants except grass have how much percentage of pectin in their walls

A

30-35%

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23
Q

grass plants have how much pectin percentage

A

10%

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24
Q

*Dissolves and thickens in water

*May make you feel satiated

*May lower cholesterol

*Includes pectins, gums and mucilages

A

soluble fiber

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25
Q

Sources of soluble fiber

A

legumes (beans & peas), oatmeal, oat bran, barely, citrus

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26
Q

*Woody/structural parts of plants

*Speeds passage of foods through digestive track

*Reduces risk of colon cancer

*Includes cellulose, some forms of hemicellulose, lignin

A

insoluble fiber

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27
Q

Sources of insoluble fiber

A

fruits & vegetable skins, wheat bran, whole grain cereals

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28
Q

Living surface membrane of a cell
Acts as a selective barrier to passage of materials into and out of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane

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29
Q

Not uniformly distributed
Some are organized as part of lipid rafts or microdomains
Movement/occurrence under certain conditions or restrictions
Heterogenous

A

proteins in cell membranes

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30
Q

all materials to pass through the cell membrane, breaks in the cell walls to connect plasma membrane

A

plasmodesmata

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31
Q

have raft and non-raft portions in the cell membrane

A

Lipids

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32
Q

portions with lipid and proteins

A

non-raft

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33
Q

clustering of specific lipids and proteins “ordered” clustering or domains microdomains move along the surface

A

lipid rafts

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34
Q

organized into sets in the cell membrane immune adhesion, viral, synaptic, chemotaxis, protein clusters, but there are _____ which are also not part of lipid rafts

A

proteins

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35
Q

are a dynamic assembly of proteins and specialised membrane microdomains that are free-floating in the fluid-mosaic lipid bilayer

A

Lipid Rafts

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36
Q

are composed of the lipid bilayer, cholesterols and sphingolipids. These three components self-assemble and forms microdomains that are highly ordered. The lipid components of these structures are rich in long hydrocarbon chain with hydroxylated ceramide backbones (Simons & Sampaio

A

Lipid Rafts

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37
Q

an anchor to link cell membranes and protein. These proteins function as enzymes, adhesion molecules, complement regulators, or co-receptors in signal transduction pathways

A

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)

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38
Q

the cell membrane is heterogenous and patchy due to nature of proteins which diffuse or remain attached to its neighbors

A

Fluid mosaic model

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39
Q

is full of organelles

external to the endomembrane system

A

Cytoplasm

40
Q

the solution where all this stuff are suspended in.
composed of: water, enzymes, precursors, intermediate by –products.

A

cytosol

41
Q

are full of membrane-enclosed compartments

A

Eukaryotic cells

42
Q

separate incompatible chemical and physical conditions
proteins can be both synthesized and hydrolyzed within a single cell

Organelles

A

membranous organelles

43
Q

pivotal subcellular organelles that have evolved to perform specialized functions in plant cells, including photosynthesis and the production and storage of metabolites.

A

plastids

44
Q

synthesis of fats and lipids

Plastid

A

Leucoplasts

45
Q

specialized for dividing to form new plastid, usually found in meristematic cells

Plastid

A

proplast

46
Q

chloroplast that develops in the absence of light.

Plastid

A

etioplast

47
Q

plant cells that have had their cell walls removed by treatment with cellulytic enzymes

A

Protoplasts

48
Q

contains large amounts of starch, but no chlorophyll, specialized for storage

Plastid

A

amyloplast

49
Q

contains red, orange, or yellow carotenoid pigments that are water insoluble, impart color to fruits, etc.;
pigments as droplets/plastoglobuli

Plastid

A

Chromoplast

50
Q

contains oil droplets, usually found in fruits or seeds

Plastid

A

Elaioplast

51
Q

are typically 5-10 microns in diameter

Have their own DNA, RNA, proteins, ATP

They normally occur around the perimeter of photosynthetic cells and adjacent to the intercellular air spaces to maximize CO2 uptake.

A

Chloroplasts

52
Q

Pigments present in chloroplast include (2)

A

chlorophylls and carotenoids.

53
Q

Commonly found in flowers and fruits

Contain a diversity of carotenoid pigments [yellow, orange or red]

Responsible for flower, fruit and even root coloration in many species, e.g. carrots and sweet potato tuber

Plastid

A

Chromoplasts

54
Q

Serve as attractants for fruit dispersal signaling that fruit is ripe

High nutritional value to animals; many birds eat _______-rich fruits to supply their feathers with colour.

A

Chromoplasts

55
Q

Non-pigmented plastids
Found in organs that are associated with long-term storage such as roots and seeds

A

Leucoplasts

56
Q

Types of Leucoplasts

A

Amyloplasts, Proteinoplasts, Elaioplasts

57
Q

leucoplast for synthesis and storage of starch

A

Amyloplasts

58
Q

Type of plastids that may be present in statocytes/statolith in the root and be involved in gravity detection

A

Amyloplasts

59
Q

Plastids that are capable of re-differentiating into other plastid types, e.g. in the re-greening of potato tubers where cell layers deep within the tuber undergo chloroplast formation

A

Amyloplasts

60
Q

leucoplast for protein synthesis and storage

A

Proteinoplasts

61
Q

leucoplast for lipid synthesis and storage

A

Elaioplasts

62
Q

Largest, fluid-filled organelle with single-membrane [tonoplast]

A

Vacuole

63
Q

Meristematic cells contain numerous small provacuoles which eventually fuse, forming a large acidic __________

A

central vacuole

64
Q

Contents of a vaculole

A

water
starch
salts
protein bodies
crystals
granules/fibrous materials

65
Q

participate in growth through regulation of turgor

Turgid ____ makes up 50-90% of cell volume

maintain homeostasis

function as storage organelle (of proteins in seeds, malic acid in CAM pathway, anthocyanin pigment)

sequester (isolate) toxic materials (secondary metabolites, crystals)

contain both anti-fungal enzymes and anti-herbivory compounds

degrade old organelles (autophagy)

participate in programmed cell death via autolysis.

A

functions of vacuole

66
Q

contains anthocyanin pigment

A

Vacuole

67
Q

Crystals in cells

A

Raphides, prismatic, druse, rosette, sand

cystolith

68
Q

Raphides, prismatic, druse, rosette, sand are made out of the compound

A

Calcium oxalate

69
Q

cystolith

A

Calcium carbonate

70
Q

a double-membraned organelle containing nuclear genes aligned on chromosomes

acts as an organizer of cytoplasmic and nuclear activities during the cell cycle

helps in shuttling of regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores

aids production of mRNAs and ribosomes

organizes the uncoiling of DNA to replicate key genes

A

Nucleus

71
Q

It thus coordinates innumerable metabolic pathways to achieve growth, division and differentiation of the cell, and stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes

A

Nucleus

72
Q

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

A

endomembrane system

73
Q

endomembrane system organelle (8)

A

Nuclear Membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi bodies
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
Endosomes
Autophagosomes
Outer Nuclear Envelope

74
Q

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)

Distributes transport vesicles, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes

Is a membrane factory for the cell

A

Rough ER

75
Q

Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Stores calcium ions

A

Smooth ER

76
Q

consists of flattened membranous sacs
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

A

Golgi Apparatus

77
Q

flattened membranous sacs of golgi apparatus

A

cisternae

78
Q

faces of the golgi apparatus

A

cis - packaging
trans - shipping

79
Q

the site of protein synthesis in the cell
composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins

found within the cytosol of the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

80
Q

found in all eukaryotic cells.

bounded by a double membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix.

inner membranes (cristae) house protein complexes that produce ATP.

matrix contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates

A

Mitochondria

81
Q

single-membrane vesicles containing enzymes

A

Microbodies

82
Q

two Microbodies in plant cells

A

Peroxisomes
Glyoxysomes

83
Q

with enzymes for converting fats to carbohydrates
found in germinating oil-bearing seeds and seedlings
rarely found in animals cells

A

Glyoxysomes

84
Q

contain oxidase that catalyzes H2O2 production
produce catalase that breaks down H2O2
found in leaves

A

Peroxisomes

85
Q

not found in plant cells

is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome

are made by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

A

lysosome

86
Q

forms a food vacuole
types of cell can engulf another cell

A

phagocytosis

87
Q

fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules,

A

lysosome

88
Q

process that use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules,

A

autophagy

89
Q

also enhance exchange of materials among organelles, between membranes and organelles and even between cells.

A

Cytoskeleton

90
Q

(=circular streaming movement of organelles and other particles around central vacuole) is guided by actin filaments and microtubules of the cytoskeleton

A

Cyclosis

91
Q

thickest

Two intertwined strands of actin

Maintenance of cell shape (compression-resisting “girders”); cell motility (as in cilia or flagella); chromosome movements in cell division; organelle movements

A

Microtubules

92
Q

thinnest

Hollow tubes

Maintenance of cell shape (tension- bearing elements); changes in cell shape; muscle contraction; cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells; cell motility (as in amoeboid movement); division of animal cells

A

Microfilaments

93
Q

medium sized filaments
Fibrous proteins coiled into cables

Maintenance of cell shape (tension- bearing elements); anchorage of nucleus and certain other organ- elles; formation of nuclear lamina

A

Intermediate Filaments

94
Q

with a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules and are involved in cell movement.

occur only in the sperm cells of lower vascular and non-vascular plants.

A

Flagella

95
Q

Meristematic cells do not have secondary cell walls

A

True

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