Plant Tissues and Vegetative Organs Flashcards
1
Q
Basic Plant Morphology
2 systems:
A
Shoot system
Root system
2
Q
Basic Plant Morphology
6 organs:
A
Root
Stem
Leaf
Flower
Fruit
Seed
3
Q
Generally underground. Anchors the plant firmly in place.
Absorbs water and dissolved minerals for the plant’s nutrition.
A
Root system
4
Q
Communicates with plants and other organisms by secreting chemical signals.
A
Root system
5
Q
Evolved later than the shoot system.
A
Root system
6
Q
Generally aerial.
Obtains sunlight and carbon dioxide for the plant
A
Shoot system
7
Q
consists of:
a vertical stem
bearing leaves
flowers and fruits
A
Shoot system
8
Q
Types of Plant Cells and Tissues
A
Parenchyma cell -+ parenchyma tissue
Collenchyma cell -+ collenchyma tissue
Sclerenchyma cell -+ sclerenchyma tissue
9
Q
Types of Plant Cells and Tissues
Alive at maturity
Have thin and flexible primary walls; lack secondary walls
A
Parenchyma
10
Q
Types of Plant Cells and Tissues
Perform the most metabolic functions
A
Parenchyma
11
Q
metabolic functions of Parenchyma
A
Photosynthesis
Storage
Secretion (glands, trichomes)
12
Q
Types of Plant Cells and Tissues
Retain the ability to divide and differentiate
Mitosis
Wound-healing
cloning
A
Parenchyma
13
Q
where do you find most parenchymatous cells
A
Protection (epidermis)
14
Q
Types of Parenchyma
A
Chlorenchyma
Storage parenchyma
Aerenchyma
Stellate parenchyma
15
Q
Types of Plant Cells and Tissues
are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
A
Collenchyma cells
16
Q
Types of Plant Cells and Tissues
They have thicker and uneven cell walls
These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
A
Collenchyma cells
17
Q
where most Collenchyma cells are found
A
Found in petioles and young stems.
18
Q
are rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
A
Sclerenchyma
19
Q
an indigestible strengthening polymer
They are dead at functional maturity
A
lignin
20
Q
There are two types of Sclerenchyma cells
A
Sclereids
Fibers
21
Q
Sclerenchyma that are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls
A
Sclereids
22
Q
Sclerenchyma that are long and slender and arranged in threads
A
Fibers
23
Q
3 Basic Tissue Types
(based on location and function)
A
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
24
Q
epidermis
[parenchyma cell/tissue ]
A
Dermal
25
cortex and pith
[parenchyma, collenchyma and or sclerenchyma tissue]
Ground
26
xylem and phloem [parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue]
Vascular
27
contains
stomates, trichomes, & root hairs
Epidermis
28
Basic Tissue Types
(based on location and function)
Epidermis
29
dermis tissues types
2
epidermis, periderm
30
the dermal tissues are represented by the brown outlines in plants
periderm
31
Outermost tissue layer, usually
one cell thick.
Covers the primary plant body (leaves, young stems and roots).
In leaves and stems, it secretes a wax layer (cuticle) that reduces water loss.
Epidermis
32
Gas is exchanged between interior of shoot system and surrounding atmosphere through
stomata.
33
The form of the epidermis and
guard cells would differ between species.
true
34
Unicellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis.
- Occur frequently on stems, leaves, and reproductive organs.
- Vary greatly in form.
- Maybe involved in plant defense.
Trichomes
35
- Reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings.
- Protect leaves from high-intensity light and UV radiation and can buffer against temperature fluctuations.
Trichomes
36
2 types of trichomes
Glandular trichome and non-Glandular trichome
37
Trichomes of a tomato plant:
(has two types of trichomes)
38
Secretes sticky substances that glues insects to the surface o the plants
protection against herbivores
Glandular trichome:
39
Trichome diversity on the surface of a leaf Origanum majorana
(three types)
Spear-like trichomes:
Other two types (Green and orange):
40
Help hinder the movement of crawling insects.
Spear-like trichomes:
41
Secrete oils and other chemicals involved in defense (colorized SEM).
Green and orange trichomes
42
Tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells
occur in a zone just behind the tips of young, growing roots.
No crosswall isolates the hair from the rest of the cell. Keep the root in close
contact with the surrounding soil particles.
Greatly increase the root's surface area and efficiency of absorption.
Root hairs:
43
Outermost layer of cells covering a woody stem or root (the outer bark that replaces the epidermis
when it is destroyed during secondary growth).
Periderm
44
Periderm is composed of three layers:
1. Cork
2. Cork cambium
3. Phelloderm
45
Responsible for the development of the periderm. Produces cork cells to the outside of the cells. (Some species use cork parenchyma to the inside of the cell)
Cork cambium
46
Complex Tissues
Xylem
Phloem
Periderm
Secretory structures
47
water conducting tissue; parenchyma, fibers, vessels and/or tracheids, and ray cells.
Xylem
48
food conducting tissue; sieve-tube
members (no nucleus at maturity, cytoplasm present), companion cells, fibers, parenchyma, and ray cells.
Phloem
49
protective covering; composed of cork and parenchyma
Periderm
50
responsible for making latex, resins, nectar and other substances produced and stored in channels inside the plant body.
Secretory structures
51
Xylem, Phloem
Vascular Tissue
52
Mostly to conduct water and nutrients
E.g. roots to shoots
Xylem
53
Mostly to conduct sugars, amino acids,
etc.
E.g. leaves to roots or flowers
Phloem
54
The plants’ growing points are called
meristems
55
Types of meristems
Primary/Apical
Shoot apex
Root Apex
56
Types of meristems
Secondary/Lateral
Vascular cambium
Cork Cambium
57
Tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells.
occur in a zone just behind the tips of young, growing roots.
No crosswall isolates the hair from the rest of the cell. Keep the root in close contact with the surrounding soil particles.
Greatly increase the root's surface area and efficiency of absorption.
Root hairs
58
long, thin cell with tapered end
secondary wall hardened with lignin
water moves btw cells thru pits
Tracheid
59
-wider, shorter, thinner walled, less tapered,
-Aligned end to end forming long micropipes
-End walls with perforations
Vessel member
60
All tissues of the plant body other than vascular tissues and dermal tissues.
Ground Tissues
61
Function: Storage, photosynthesis and support.
Performs metabolic functions, synthesize secondary metabolites, secret substances, etc.
Ground Tissues
62
End walls between sieve-tube elements Have pores that facilitate fluid flow.
are the counterparts of perforation plates in xylem vessels.
Sieve plates:
63
Non-conducting cells connected to the sieve-tube element by numerous plasmodesmata.
Nucleus and ribosomes also serve the adjacent sieve-tube element.
Companion cells:
64
Plants adapted to a habitat with adequate water.
Majority of plant categories fall under this type of adaptation.
Occupies the "goldilock zone," not too dry, not too wet.
Mesophytes:
65
Plant adapted to a dry habitat. Dessert plants.
Xerophytes:
66
Plants adapted to a salty habitat.
Halophytes:
67
Plants adapted to a freshwater habitat.
Photosynthetic organisms in the oceans are dominated by algae
Hydrophytes: .
68
Stomata sunken in pits creates local humidity/decreases exposure to air currents;
Presence of hairs creates local humidity next to leaf/decreases exposure to air currents by reducing flow around stomata;
Thick waxy cuticle makes more waterproof impermeable to water;
Xerophytes
69
Stomata on inside of rolled leaf creates local humidity/decreases exposure to air currents because water vapour evaporates into air space rather than atmosphere
Fewer stomata decreases transpiration as this is where water is lost
Xerophytes
70
Adaptations of Hydrophytes
Have lots of air spaces in their tissues to help them float in water
little to no mechanical tissue for more water resistance and buoyancy, and less resistance against water currents
stomata on surface only for floating plants.
Thin cuticle
71
soils that are constantly changing due to the ebb and flow of the tides
Marsh soil
72
Possess large quantities of Na+
Na+ adsorption on clay particles reduces Ca++ and Mg++ content of soils
Saline Soils
73
Plants that survive in saline environments
prefer saline conditions but can survive in freshwater environments
prefer saline conditions but can survive in freshwater environments
Halophytes
74
Angiosperm Halophyte Types
Marine angiosperms
Mangroves
Coastal strand
Salt marshes
75
Responses to Increased Salts
Succulence
Increased growth
76
Responses to Increased Salts
Plant organs are thickened due to increased cellular water content
Succulence
77
Reduces cellular solute concentrations
Increased growth
78
In temperate climates, most woody plants with broad leaves shed leaves in fall
– Helps them survive low temperatures of winter
Involves physiological and anatomical changes
Leaf Abscission
79
Processes of Abscission
As autumn approaches, plant reabsorbs sugar
– essential minerals are transported out of leaves
Chlorophyll is broken down
– red water-soluble pigments are synthesized and stored in vacuoles of leaf cells (in some species)
A protective layer of cork cells develops on the stem side of the abscission zone
– Area where leaf petiole detaches from stem, composed primarily of thin-walled parenchyma cell
Enzymes dissolve middle lamella in abscission zone
– (“cement” that holds primary cell walls of adjacent cells together)
After leaf detaches, protective layer of cork seals off the area, forming a leaf scar
80
Aplication of leaves
Taxonomic application
Medicinal plants
Quality Control
Animal Feeding Habits
Wood authentication and preservation
ARCHAEOBOTANY
Forensic application
81
Continue to grow year after year. May be herbaceous or woody. Majority of vascular plant species. Able to flower and produce seeds and fruit for an indefinite number of growing seasons. (E.g. Mangoes) Except for bamboos that flower every 60 to 130 years.
Perennial
82
All the leaves fall at one time of the year and the plants remain bare for a period.
Deciduous
83
The plants never appear completely bare.
Evergreen
84
Grow, flower, and form fruits and seeds within one growing season and die when the process is complete. ("One time, big time")
are important to humans, scientists are trying to breed crops to have perennial life cycles to maximize crop yield (but not yet accomplished).
Annuals
85
Have life cycles that take two years to complete.
During the first year, products of photosynthesis are stored in underground organs.
During the second year of growth, flowering stems are produced using energy stored in the storage roots.
Developed roots because they use it for food reserves to produce flowers (sexual reproduction); but humans don't allow perennial crops to finish their life cycle because they harvest them.
Not because for crop production of humans.
Biennial
86
