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BOTAONE > Cell Membrane > Flashcards

Cell Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane model in 1935 by J.R. Danielli and H. Davson, proteins also part included

A

Sandwich Model

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2
Q

Plasma Membrane model in 1950 by J.D. Robertson

A

Unit Membrane Model

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3
Q

Plasma Membrane model in 1972 by S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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4
Q

made of Phospholipids

A

Plasma Membrane

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5
Q

Red Blood Cells analyzed
Enough for Phospholipid bilayer
Polar heads face out and Nonpolar tails face in
Does not explain why some
nonlipids are permeable

A

Gorter and Grendel

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6
Q

2 layers of globular proteins with phospholipid inside to make a layer and then join 2 layers together to make a channel for molecules to pass

A

Sandwich Model

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7
Q

Outer layer of protein with phospholipid bilayer inside, believed all cells same composition, does not explain how some molecules pass through or the use of proteins with nonpolar parts, used transmission electron microscopy

A

Unit Membrane Model

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8
Q

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins partially or fully imbedded, electron micrographs of freeze-fractured membrane

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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9
Q

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tails

Transmembrane / Intrinsic / Integral
Peripheral / Extrinsic

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10
Q

the plasma membrane is the consistency of olive oil at body temperature, due to unsaturated phospholipids.

A

Fluid

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11
Q

cells differ in the amount of _________

A

unsaturated to saturated fatty acid tails

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12
Q

at body temperature it lessens fluidity by restraining the movement of phospholipids, at colder temperatures it adds fluidity by not allowing phospholipids to pack close together

A

Cholesterol affects fluidity

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13
Q

membrane proteins form a collage that differs on either side of the membrane and from cell to cell (greater than 50 types of proteins), proteins span the membrane with hydrophilic portions facing out and hydrophobic portions facing in. Provides the functions of the membrane

A

Mosaic

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14
Q

Proteins of the Plasma Membrane Provide 6 Membrane Functions

A

1) Transport Proteins
2) Receptor Proteins
3) Enzymatic Proteins
4) Cell Recognition Proteins
5) Attachment Proteins
6) Intercellular Junction Proteins

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15
Q

How do materials move into and out of the cell?

A

Materials must move in and out of the cell through the plasma membrane.

Some materials move between the phospholipids.

Some materials move through the proteins.

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16
Q

three types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

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17
Q

Molecules can move directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane

A

Diffusion

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18
Q

Materials that pass through the plasma membrane by diffusion

A

Gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)

Water molecules (rate slow due to polarity)

Lipids (steroid hormones)

Lipid soluble molecules (hydrocarbons, alcohols, some vitamins)

Small noncharged molecules (NH3)

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19
Q

the net movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration until equally distributed.

A

Diffusion

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20
Q

Diffusion rate factors

A

temperature, pressure, state of matter, size of concentration gradient, and surface area of membrane.

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21
Q

substances diffuse through membranes without work by the cell or atp usage

A

passive transport

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22
Q

Molecules can move through the plasma membrane with the aid of transport proteins

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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23
Q

is the net movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration with the aid of channel or carrier proteins.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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24
Q

How do molecules move through the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel and Carrier proteins

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25
Q

Water Molecules can move directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane

A

Osmosis

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26
Q

is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. Water molecules bound to solutes cannot pass due to size, only unbound molecules. Free water molecules collide, bump into the membrane, and pass through.

A

Osmosis

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27
Q

water travels from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower water concentration

A

Osmosis

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28
Q

Movement _____ when osmotic pressure equals hydrostatic pressure

A

stops

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29
Q

refers to the total solute concentration of the solution outside the cell.

A

Tonicity

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30
Q

What are the three types of tonicity

A

Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

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31
Q

prevents bursting of plasma membrane

A

cell wall

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32
Q

is normally bathed in a very hypotonic solution. It takes in water until the cell is full.

A

plant cell

33
Q

A plant cell placed in a ____________ solution loses water. Ultimately outward flow stops when the cytosol concentration matches that of the solution.

A

hypertonic

34
Q

use osmosis in hypotonic soil to maintain rigidity

A

Plants

35
Q

the pressure of water molecules against the cell wall. The cell swelling stops when the expanding membrane hits the cell wall.

A

Turgor Pressure

36
Q

when a plant wilts (sags) in a hypertonic environment, since the water in the cells diffuses out and turgor pressure is lost

A

Plasmolysis

37
Q

three types of Active transport

A

1) Active Transport
2) Exocytosis
3) Endocytosis

38
Q

types of Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated endocytosis

39
Q

ATP energy is required to move the molecules through

A

Active transport

40
Q

Molecules move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration with the aid of ATP energy.
Requires protein carriers called Pumps

A

Active Transport

41
Q

occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances

A

Cotransport

42
Q

Plants commonly use the gradient of __________ generated by ___________ to drive active transport of nutrients into the cell

A

hydrogen ions, proton pumps

43
Q

Importance of Active Transport

A

Bring in essential molecules: ions, amino acids, glucose, nucleotides

Rid cell of unwanted molecules
Maintain internal conditions different from the environment

Regulate the volume of cells by controlling osmotic potential

Control cellular pH

Re-establish concentration gradients to run facilitated diffusion. (Ex. Sodium-Potassium pump and Proton pumps)

44
Q

Movement of large molecules bound in vesicles out of the cell with the aid of ATP energy (i.e. cell wall materials). Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to eject macromolecules.

A

Exocytosis

45
Q

example molecules that uses exocytosis

A

Proteins, polysaccharides, polynucleotides, whole cells, hormones, mucus, neurotransmitters, waste

46
Q

Movement of large molecules into the cell by engulfing them in vesicles, using ATP energy.

A

Endocytosis

47
Q

“Cellular Eating” – engulfing large molecules, whole cells, bacteria

A

Phagocytosis

48
Q

examples of cells that do phagocytosis

A

Ex. Unicellular organisms engulfing food particles.

49
Q

“Cellular Drinking” – engulfing liquids and small molecules dissolved in liquids; unspecific what enters.

A

Pinocytosis

50
Q

Types of Cell Junctions in animal cells

A

Tight Junctions

Desmosomes

Gap Junctions

51
Q

Types of Cell Junctions in plant cells

A

Plasmodesmata

52
Q

Channels between the cell walls of plant cells that are lined with the plasma membranes of adjacent cells and smooth ER runs through

A

Plasmodesmata

53
Q

Allows for the exchange of cytosol between adjacent cells; moving water, small solutes, sugar, and amino acids.

A

Plasmodesmata

54
Q

parts of the plant that uses Plasmodesmata

A

Xylem and Phloem in Plants

55
Q

It is a quantitative description of the free energy states of water.

A

Water Potential

56
Q

The concepts of free energy and water potential are derived from the

A

second law of thermodynamics

57
Q

is based on the ability of water to do work

A

Water Potential

58
Q

Forces that act on any molecule which affect its ability or potential to do work:

A

pressure
concentration
electrical
gravity

59
Q

Pressure + Concentration + Electrical + Gravity =

A

Chemical Potential

60
Q

greek symbol for Water Potential

A

ΨW, is the letter ‘psi’ (pronounced ‘sigh’)

61
Q

not simplified Definition of Ψw

A

ΨW = ΨP + ΨS + ΨM + ΨE + ΨG

62
Q

meanings of
ΨP
ΨS
ΨM
ΨE
ΨG

A

ΨP = pressure potential
ΨS = osmotic or solute potential
Ψm = membrane potential
ΨE = electrical potential
- ignore because water is uncharged
ΨG = gravitational potential
- ignore because gravity is not a large force for small trees

63
Q

Simplified Definition of Ψw

A

Ψw = ΨP + ΨS + ΨM

64
Q
  • represents the pressure in addition to atmospheric pressure
A

pressure potential

65
Q

represents the effect of dissolved solutes on water potential;

A

osmotic or solute potential

66
Q

addition of solutes will always ______ the water potential

A

lower

67
Q

represents the effect of other membranes in the cell on water potential

A

membrane potential

68
Q

Water Potential of Plant Tissue
has _____ components and is always ____

A

Water Potential of Plant Tissue has three components and is always negative

69
Q

Water Potential of Plant Tissue three components

A

Pressure Potential (+)
Osmotic or Solute Potential (-)
Membrane Potential (-)

70
Q

Pure water water potential

A

Ψw = 0

71
Q

pressure that keeps cell membrane pressed against cell wall

A

Membrane potential

72
Q

water potential
soil>roots

A

true

73
Q

water potential moves from greater water potential to lesser water potential

A

true

74
Q

allow ions, small solutes, and water to pass in facilitated diffusion

A

Channel Proteins

75
Q

move glucose and amino acids in facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier Proteins

76
Q

Facilitated diffusion is rate limited, by

A

the number of proteins channels/carriers present in the membrane.

77
Q

The net pressure that drives reabsorption—the movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries

draws fluid back in

A

Osmotic pressure

78
Q

forces fluid out of the capillary

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at any point of time due to the force of gravity

A

hydrostatic pressure

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