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BOTAONE > Chemical Constituents of Plant Cells (Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Secondary Metabolites) > Flashcards

Chemical Constituents of Plant Cells (Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Secondary Metabolites) Flashcards

1
Q

constructed from building blocks called amino acids

Amino acids are joined to each other with special covalent peptide bonds.

A

Proteins

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2
Q

Each amino acid contains an ______ (which is basic), a _____ (which is acidic) and an R group.

A

amino group, carboxyl group

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3
Q

Different R groups give the __________ different properties, such as charged (+ or -), polar, hydrophobic, etc.

A

20 amino acids

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4
Q

The different properties of a protein come from the arrangement of the _______.

A

amino acids

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5
Q

Protein Structures (4)

A

(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) Quaternary

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6
Q

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, which is unique and specific to a particular protein

Protein Structures

A

primary structure

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7
Q

primary structure example

A

insulin

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8
Q

refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone

Protein Structures

A

secondary structure

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9
Q

secondary structure examples

A

amino acid proline

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10
Q

The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is called _________________ as found in alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine that form hydrophobic interactions between one another.

Protein Structures

A

tertiary structure

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11
Q

tertiary structure examples

A

alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine

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12
Q

is made up of subunits of multiple polypeptide chains,

Protein Structures

A

quaternary structure

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13
Q

quaternary structure example

A

hemoglobin

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14
Q

peptide bonds

Protein Structures

A

Primary structure

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15
Q

3D structure
3.6 amino acids per turn
alpha-helix stabilized by hydrogen bonds
H bonds between NH and CO

Protein Structures

A

Secondary structure

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16
Q

formation of domains
functional unit of proteins
made up of about 200 amino acids
stabilized by: disulfide bonds hydrophobic bonds hydrogen bonds
ionic interactions

Protein Structures

A

Tertiary structure

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17
Q

several subunits of proteins held together by hydrophobic bonds, H bonds, ionic bonds

Protein Structures

A

Quarternary structure

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18
Q

agglutinate cells, can induce preferential killing of tumor cells; acts as mitogens (cause cell division like in lymphoid cells)

A

Lectins (vegetable proteins)

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19
Q

Leguminous plants examples

A

(lentils, soybean, kidney bean, peanut) Balsam pear

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20
Q

Unfolding and disorganization of the protein structure
Destroys up to secondary structure
Peptide bonds not hydrolyzed
Promoted by Heat, organic solvents, mechanical mixing

A

Protein denaturation

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21
Q

Type of plants rich in Lectins (vegetable proteins)

A

Leguminous plants

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22
Q

find: Type of Protein

function: catalyst

example: Digestive enzymes

A

Enzymatic

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23
Q

find: Type of Protein

function: support

example: Collagen, keratin, membrane

A

Structural

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24
Q

find: Type of Protein

function: Storage

example: Casein, proteins in seeds

A

Storage

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25
Q

find: Type of Protein

function: transport

example: Hemoglobin, carrier proteins

A

Transport

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26
Q

find: Type of Protein

function: coordination

example: Insulin, auxin, gibberellin

A

Hormonal

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27
Q

find: Type of Protein

function: response

example: Receptors in nerve cells

A

Receptor

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28
Q

find: Type of Protein

function: movement

example: Actin, myosin

A

Contractile and motor proteins

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29
Q

find: Type of Protein

function: Protection against
diseases

example: antibodies

A

Defensive

30
Q

Protein Found in seeds

A

Plant Storage Proteins

31
Q

Common plant storage proteins

A
  • Zein (corn)
  • Gliadin (wheat)
  • Glutenin (wheat, rice)
  • Ricin D (castor bean, Ricinus communis)
  • Abrin (rosary bean, Abrus precatorius)
32
Q

deadly plants example

A

castor bean (Ricinus communis) rosary bean (Abrus precatorius)

33
Q

what makes castor bean (Ricinus communis) dangerous

A

Extremely poisonous proteins: ricin D

34
Q

what makes rosary bean (Abrus precatorius) dangerous

A

Extremely poisonous proteins: ricin D

35
Q

store genetic information in the cell

are made up of nucleotides

A

Nucleic Acids

36
Q

Two types of Nucleic Acids

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

37
Q

Each nucleotide has 3 parts:

A

a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

38
Q

The sugar, ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA, contain ________ carbons.

A

5

39
Q

ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA, differ

A

only in that an -OH group in ribose is replaced by a -H in DNA

40
Q

is a stable molecule which can survive thousands of years under proper conditions

has complementary base pairings

A

DNA

41
Q

Four kinds of nitrogen bases in DNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

42
Q

The nucleotides containing these nitrogen bases are put together to form a structure called

A

double helix

43
Q

has the shape of a ladder that has been twisted lengthwise so that the sides of the ladder coil around each other
sides of the ladder are formed by sugar and phosphate groups

A

double helix

44
Q

Sugar (DNA, RNA)

A

Deoxyribose, Ribose

45
Q

Bases (DNA, RNA)

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

46
Q

Strands (DNA, RNA)

A

Double stranded with
base pairing

Single stranded

47
Q

Helix (DNA, RNA)

A

Yes

No

48
Q

consists of a single chain that also uses 4 bases: however, the thymine in DNA is replaced by uracil

A

RNA

49
Q

much less stable than DNA, but it can act as an enzyme to promote chemical reactions in some situations

A

RNA

50
Q

Products of cells’ metabolic
activities

A

SECONDARY METABOLITES

51
Q

Main Groups of Secondary Metabolites

A

Terpenoids
Phenolic compounds
Alkaloids

52
Q

has dimers and polymers of 5-C precursors called isoprene units

50,000 identified terpenes [monoterpenes to polyterpenes]

A

Terpenoids

53
Q

formed by a benzene ring, a carboxyl group and one or more hydroxyl groups in their molecules, giving them antioxidant properties, being indicated for treatment and prevention of a number of diseases, among them cancer

A

Phenolic compounds

54
Q

Mints & eucalyptus tree
Strong aroma; used in cough medicines

Terpenoids

A

menthol

55
Q

tomatoes
Red/orange pigments

Terpenoids

A

lycopene

56
Q

Rubber tree
Component of rubber tires

Terpenoids

A

rubber

57
Q

Pacific Yew
Anti-ovarian cancer

Terpenoids

A

taxol

58
Q

Many plants
Stem elongation

Terpenoids

A

gibberellins

59
Q

carrot
Orange/Red pigment

Terpenoids

A

Beta-carotene

60
Q

Leaves of cherry blossoms
regulate
cellular routes that can be exploited for cancer prevention

Phenolic compounds

A

Coumarins

61
Q

Willow tree
Precursor of aspirin; provides plant resistance vs pathogens

Phenolic compounds

A

Phenolic Acids
e.g. Salicylic acid

62
Q

Rangeland plants
major plant defense vs herbivory

Phenolic compounds

A

Tannins

63
Q

Woody plants
provide greater rigidity to the cell wall

Phenolic compounds

A

Lignins

64
Q

Fruits/veg. leaves/flowers
Provide color important in plant- pollinator-dispersers interaction;
antioxidant

Phenolic compounds

A

Flavonoids, e.g. anthocyanins

65
Q

Minor secondary metabolites

A

Mustard oil glycosides - N-S compounds in cabbage, broccoli, horseradish, mustard

Polyacetylenes - in sunflower and magnolia family

Cyanogenic glycosides - in pea and rose family; fatal in large amounts

66
Q

Poison hemlock
Nerve toxin; killed Socrates

Alkaloid

A

Coniine

67
Q

Strychnine tree
Nerve stimulant

Alkaloid

A

Strychnine

68
Q

Tomato leaves
Tomato and potato pest control

Alkaloid

A

Tomatine

69
Q

Opium poppy
Main painkiller

Alkaloid

A

Morphine

70
Q

Quinine tree
Anti-malaria, bitter flavor of tonic drinks

Alkaloid

A

quinine

71
Q

Component for arrow poisons; muscle relaxant during surgery
Curare tree

Alkaloid

A

tubocurarine

72
Q

periwinkle
Anti-leukemia

Alkaloid

A

vincristine

BOTAONE (12 decks)

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