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CELL CYCLE Flashcards

1
Q

is the ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind and best distinguishes living organisms from nonliving things.

A

Cell Division

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2
Q

In ________, the division of one cell reproduces the entire organism.

A

unicellular organisms

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3
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes depend on cell division for:

A
  • Development from a fertilized cell
  • Growth
  • Repair
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4
Q

is an integral part of the cell cycle, the life of a cell from formation to its own division.

A

Cell division

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5
Q

a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

appears to be driven by specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm

A

Cell Cycle

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6
Q

conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

reduces the number of chromosome sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell.

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

constitutes all the DNA in the cell. It can consist of a single DNA molecule or a number of DNA molecules.

A

Genome

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9
Q

DNA molecules in a cell that is packed.

A

Chromosomes

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10
Q

a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division.

A

Chromatin

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11
Q

(nonreproductive cells) - have two sets of chromosomes.

A

Somatic Cells

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12
Q

(reproductive cells) - have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells.

A

Gametes

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13
Q

Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids (joined copies of the original chromosome), attached along their lengths by ____.

A

cohesins

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14
Q

is the narrow “Waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached.

A

centromere

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15
Q

Eukaryotic cells cell division consists of

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis.

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16
Q

is the division of the genetic material in the nucleus.

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

is the division of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis

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18
Q

are produced by the variation of cell division called meiosis.

A

Gametes

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19
Q

yields non-identical daughter cells that have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

= nucleus + division

A

Karyokinesis

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21
Q

= cytoplasm + division

A

Cytokinesis

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22
Q

The cell cycle consists of

A
  • Mitotic (M) phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis)
  • Interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division.)
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23
Q

Interphase can be divided into subphases:

A
  • Gap1 phase (“First Gap”)
  • S phase (“Synthesis”)
  • Gap2 phase (“Second Gap”)
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24
Q

The cell grows during all three phases but the chromosomes are duplicated only during

A

S phase

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25
Q

The longest mitotic phase

A

Prophase

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26
Q

The longest phase of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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27
Q

structure made of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis.

A

Mitotic Spindle

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28
Q

the microtubule organizing center where the assembly of spindle microtubules begins.

A

Centrosome

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29
Q

The centrosome replicates during __________,

A

interphase

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30
Q

forming two centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during __________.

A

prophase and prometaphase

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31
Q

(a radial array of short microtubules) extends from each centrosome.

A

aster

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32
Q

During ___, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and begin to move the chromosomes.

A

prometaphase

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33
Q

are protein complexes associated with centromeres.

A

Kinetochores

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34
Q

At ___________, the chromosomes are all lined up at the metaphase plate, a plane midway between the spindle’s two poles.

A

metaphase

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35
Q

cohesins are cleaved

Sister chromatids separate and move along the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell. The microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends

A

anaphase

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36
Q

cohesins are cleaved by an enzyme called

A

separase

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37
Q

The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system

A

Cell Cycle Control

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38
Q

cells that manage to escape the usual controls on the cell cycle.

A

Cancer cells

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39
Q

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct _____________, which is similar to a clock. The clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a “go-ahead” signal is received.

A

cell cycle control system

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40
Q

most important checkpoint
If a cell receives a go-ahead signal, it will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide

A

G1 checkpoint

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41
Q

If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal in g1, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called the

A

G0 phase

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42
Q

Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their own kind

A

true

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43
Q

are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA.

A

Genes

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44
Q

Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called

A

gametes (sperm and eggs)

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45
Q

Most DNA is packaged into _________.

A

chromosomes

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46
Q

Humans have __chromosomes in their somatic cells, all cells of the body except gametes and their precursors.

A

46 chromosomes

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47
Q

A gene’s specific position along a chromosome is called the __.

A

locus

48
Q

a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

A

asexual reproduction

49
Q

is a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent.

A

clone

50
Q

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents.

A

sexual reproduction

51
Q

Human somatic cells have ___ pairs of chromosomes.

A

23

52
Q

is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.

A

karyotype

53
Q

two chromosomes in each pair in karyotype are called

they are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters.

A

homologous chromosomes, or homologs

54
Q

Each pair of homologous chromosomes include one chromosome from each parent.

A

true

55
Q

The 46 chromosomes in a human somatic cell are two sets of 23: one from the mother and one from the father.

A

true

56
Q

(2n) has two sets of chromosomes. For humans, the __ number is 46 (2n = 46).

A

diploid cell

57
Q

contains a single set of chromosomes and is haploid (n).

A

A gamete (sperm or egg)

58
Q

For humans, the haploid number is _______.

A

23

59
Q

Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and a single-sex chromosome, for humans

A

true

60
Q

is the union of gametes (the sperm and the egg).

A

Fertilization

61
Q

The fertilized egg is called a ________ and has one set of chromosomes from each parent.

A

zygote

62
Q

The ________ produces somatic cells by mitosis and develops into an adult.

A

zygote

63
Q

each chromosome pairs with its homolog, and crossing over occur.

X-shaped regions called chiasmata are the sites for crossover.

A

prophase 1

64
Q

pairs of homologs line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole.

Microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one of the chromosome of each tetrad.

Microtubules from the other kinetochore of the other chromosome pole are attached.

A

Metaphase 1

65
Q

pairs of homologous chromosomes separate.

One chromosome of each pair moves toward opposite poles, guided by the spindle apparatus.

Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole.

A

Anaphase 1

66
Q

each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids.

A

Telophase 1

67
Q

usually occurs simultaneously, forming two haploid daughter cells. The cell then proceeds to meiosis 2 which is similar to mitosis.

A

Cytokinesis

68
Q

DNA synthesis

cell cycle

A

S phase

69
Q

gap for growth

cell cycle

A

G phase

70
Q

mitosis (nuclear division)

cell cycle

A

M phase

71
Q

cell performs all of its regular functions and gets ready to divide

Metabolic activity is very high

celll phase

A

interphase

72
Q

DNA is duplicated
DNA is in the form of chromatin

celll phase

A

interphase

73
Q

Any cell that is going to divide must enter this phase
This is the period before DNA synthesis begins
refers to the gap between cell division and DNA synthesis
Here the cell makes ER, ribosomes, and cytosol to make 2 functional cells

A

G1

74
Q

Once all of the organelles have been replicated, the cell enters this phase

For the next 6-8 hours it will replicate its DNA

A

S PHASE

75
Q

The goal of replication

A

is to accurately copy the genetic information in the nucleus so that each daughter cell will have an exact copy of the parental DNA

76
Q

Before a cell starts dividing, the chromosomes are duplicated

This process produces sister chromatids

EM of human chromosome that has duplicated

A

S PHASE

77
Q

are identical pairs of chromosomes.
One inherited from mother and one from father
made up of sister chromatids joined at the centromere

A

Homologous chromosomes

78
Q

process of dna replication

A

dna

enzyme unzips into 2 strands

new bases are added in between strands

79
Q

are homologous chromosome just one double stranded dna that doubled in size

A

true

80
Q

This phase spans the time from the completion of DNA synthesis to the onset of cell division

Following DNA replication, the cell spends about 2-5 hours making proteins prior to entering the M phase

A

G2 Phase

81
Q

process that separates the duplicated sister chromatids of the parental cell into 2 nuclei

refers specifically to the division of the nucleus of the cell

A

M PHASE

MITOSIS

82
Q

Mitosis is a continuum but biologists distinguish 4 stages

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

83
Q

eukaryotic cell has many more genes than a prokaryotic cell

A

true

84
Q

are grouped into multiple chromosomes, found in the nucleus

A

genes

85
Q

The orientation of the
division plane is determined by a band of cytoskeletal elements called the

thickening at the cell membrane

A

preprophase band

86
Q

nucleus migrates to the middle of the cell and layer of cytoplasm forms in the plane where cell division will occur, to keep nucleus in place

A

phragmosome

87
Q

nuclear membrane disintegrates nucleolus disappears
chromosomes condense
mitotic spindle begins to form between centrioles
kinetochores begin to mature and attach to spindle

A

prophase

88
Q

kinetochores attach chromosomes
to mitotic spindle and align them along metaphase plate at equator of cell

A

Metaphase

89
Q

kinetochore microtubules shorten, separating chromosomes to opposite poles
polar microtubules elongate, preparing cell for cytokinesis

mitosis

A

Anaphase

90
Q

cell divides, the sister chromatids separate
Two daughter cells are produced
Each has a complete and identical set of chromosomes

mitosis

A

Anaphase

91
Q

cell plate forms, dividing daughter

A

CYTOKINESIS

92
Q

chromosomes reach poles of cell kinetochores disappear
polar microtubules continue to elongate, preparing cell for cytokinesis
nuclear membrane re-forms nucleolus reappears
chromosomes decondense

mitosis

A

Telophase

93
Q

Similar in many ways to mitosis
Several differences
Occurs only in sex cells
Yields gametes (=eggs & sperms) or spores
Involves 2 cell divisions
Results in 4 haploid cells
Leads to genetic variations

A

Meiosis

94
Q

Synapsis and crossing over occur

A

Prophase I

95
Q

pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

Synapsis

96
Q

exchange of segments of homologous chromosomes

A

Crossing over

97
Q

Alignment of pairs of homologous chromosomes at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase I

98
Q

Splitting of the pairs of homologous chromosomes and subsequent movement to opposite poles

A

Anaphase I

99
Q

Cytokinesis results to two haploid cells (n)

A

Telophase I

100
Q

Areas of homologous chromosomes connect at areas or crossing over

A

chiasmata

101
Q

DNA does not double
Stages occur like regular mitosis.
Cytokinesis results to four haploid cells (n)

A

Meiosis II

102
Q

Proteins called ______proteins monitor
progression through the cell cycle.

A

checkpoint

103
Q

places of dna damage checkpoint

A

g2
s
g1

104
Q

places of apoptosis

A

before mitosis

105
Q

places of spindle checkpoint

A

anaphase

106
Q

Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control

A

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

107
Q

proteins produced in synchrony with the cell cycle
regulate passage of the cell through cell cycle checkpoints

A

cyclins

108
Q

enzymes that drive the cell cycle
activated only when bound by a cyclin

A

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

109
Q

The activity of a Cdk rises and falls with changesin concentration of its cyclin partner

A

true

110
Q

cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

A

MPF (maturation-promoting factor)

111
Q

the signal for anaphase to proceed is transmitted through
activates the proteins that remove the cohesin holding sister chromatids together

A

anaphase-promoting complex (APC)

112
Q

cells will not begin anaphase until all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle at the metaphase plate

mechanism assures that daughter cells have the correct number of chromosomes

A

internal signal

113
Q

But plant cells are anchored in place by the cell walls, so plant cancers never spread far or metastasize to other tissues.

A

true

114
Q

is the process of genome doubling that gives rise to organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes.

A

Polyploidy

115
Q

Polyploidy that occurs when organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes from the same species

A

Autoploidy

116
Q

Polyploidy that Results from hybridization between different species

A

Allopolyploidy

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