The Placenta and Umbilical Cord

Question 1

What is the role of the placenta?

Answer 1

growth, development, and maturation of a pregnancy

Question 2

What is the placenta evaluated for?

Answer 2

size and shape, number, texture, location (relative to internal cervical os)

Question 3

The placenta comes from?

Answer 3

The trophoblast becomes the chorion then the placenta

Question 4

The outer trophoblast produces?

Answer 4

hCG

Question 5

How does hCG contribute to pregnancy?

Answer 5

stops period by telling corpus luteum to thicken endo

Question 6

The maternal side of the placenta is the?

Answer 6

basal layer

Question 7

The fetal side of the placenta is the?

Answer 7

chorionic plate

Question 8

Which part of the decidua does the chorion frondosum contact?

Answer 8

decidua basalis

Question 9

The smooth chorion contacts?

Answer 9

decidua capsularis

Question 10

What is a subchorionic hematoma?

Answer 10

bleed below chorionic cavity

Question 11

What is ABS?

Answer 11

amniotic band syndrome; rupture of amnion causing bands that can wrap around or attach to fetal parts

Question 12

ABS can lead to?

Answer 12

constrictures, deformations (clefts), amputations,

Question 13

How do amniotic bands appear sonographicall?

Answer 13

thin and echogenic

Question 14

What are amniotic sheets?

Answer 14

adhesions or fibrous scar tissue inside the myometrium

Question 15

Amniotic sheets are also called?

Answer 15

amniotic folds or synechiae

Question 16

True or False: Amniotic sheets can lead to fetal deformities

Answer 16

False

Question 17

How can you determine whether or not there is an amniotic sheet?

Answer 17

color doppler (muscle will light up)

Question 18

What can cause synechiae?

Answer 18

infection (STD), trauma, D&C

Question 19

How do amniotic folds appear sonographically?

Answer 19

thick, echogenic, color flow

Question 20

What are the main functions of the placenta?

Answer 20

source of nutrients, exchange of gases and waste products, hCG

Question 21

The placenta should not exceed what thickness?

Answer 21

4 cm

Question 22

A large placenta can be caused by?

Answer 22

diabetes

Question 23

A small placenta can be caused by?

Answer 23

smoking

Question 24

What is placental trophotropism?

Answer 24

when the uterus grows and the placenta “moves” with it; placenta does not actually move within cavity

Question 25

What is the reason that placenta previa is not a concern in an early pregnancy scan?

Answer 25

placental trophotropism

Question 26

What are the locations a placenta can have in a sagittal plane?

Answer 26

anterior, posterior, fundal, previa

Question 27

What are the locations a placenta can have in a transverse plane?

Answer 27

anterior, posterior, right, left

Question 28

A grade 2 placenta has?

Answer 28

basal linear echoes

Question 29

A grade 3 placenta has?

Answer 29

prominent, calcified **cotyledons**

Question 30

Most placentas are what grade?

Answer 30

0

Question 31

Most placental lesions are?

Answer 31

collections/ pools of blood

Question 32

What is a Breus mole?

Answer 32

a subchroionic hematoma larger than the GS

Question 33

When do Breus moles occur?

Answer 33

first trimester

Question 34

What is a circumvallate placenta?

Answer 34

The chorion and amnion fold over on the edge of placenta

Question 35

What is a bipartite placenta?

Answer 35

placenta is divided into two equal sized lobes connected by vessels

Question 36

A bipartite placenta is also called?

Answer 36

bilobed or bilobate

Question 37

What is a succenturiate placenta?

Answer 37

A smaller lobe attached to a larger lobe by vessels

Question 38

Succenturiate placenta is also called?

Answer 38

succenturiate lobe or accessory lobe

Question 39

What is placenta membranacea?

Answer 39

placenta is abnormally thin and wraps around large area of decidua

Question 40

Placenta membranacea is also called?

Answer 40

annular placenta or placenta diffusa

Question 41

Placenta membranacea is also called?

Answer 41

annular placenta or placenta diffusa

Question 42

What signals low lying placenta previa?

Answer 42

Edge is more then 2 cm away from internal os

Question 43

What signals marginal placenta previa?

Answer 43

Edge is less than 2 cm away from internal os

Question 44

What is partial placenta previa?

Answer 44

part of internal os is covered

Question 45

What is complete placenta previa?

Answer 45

bulk covers internal os entirely

Question 46

What is the cardinal symptom for placenta previa?

Answer 46

**painless** vaginal bleeding

Question 47

What is placental abruption?

Answer 47

Placenta detaches from uterine wall before delivery

Question 48

True or False: There is a risk of maternal and fetal death with placental abruption

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What is the cardinal symptom of placental abruption?

Answer 49

**painful** vaginal bleeding

Question 50

What are the three types of placental adherence?

Answer 50

accreta, increta, percreta

Question 51

What is placenta accreta?

Answer 51

chorionic villi penetrated decidua but not the myometrium

Question 52

What is placenta increta?

Answer 52

chorionic villi penetrates myometrium but not perimetrium

Question 53

What is placenta percreta?

Answer 53

chorionic villi penetrates perimetrium

Question 54

What is the most common placental tumor?

Answer 54

chorioangioma

Question 55

What is a chorioangioma?

Answer 55

benign vascular tumor of the placenta (think fibroid)

Question 56

A 3VC consists of?

Answer 56

one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries

Question 57

A 3VC consists of?

Answer 57

one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries

Question 58

A 2VC consists of?

Answer 58

One umbilical artery and vein

Question 59

True or False: A 2VC poses a fetal risk

Answer 59

False; normal variant

Question 60

A short umbilical cord is associated with what anomaly?

Answer 60

limb-body wall complex

Question 61

A long cord is associated with?

Answer 61

False and True knots; funic presentation

Question 62

What is a false knot?

Answer 62

folded loops with no complications

Question 63

What is a true knot?

Answer 63

obstruct blood flow ; fetal demise; cloverleaf sign

Question 64

What is cord prolapse?

Answer 64

loops of umbilical cord caught between vaginal wall and fetal head

Question 65

True or False: nuchal cord poses no complications

Answer 65

True

Question 66

What is umbilical vein thrombosis?

Answer 66

torsion, knotting, or compression of umbilical cord restricting blood flow

Question 67

What is battledore placenta?

Answer 67

umbilical cord is inserted at edge

Question 68

What is battledore placenta also called? What does it resemble?

Answer 68

marginal cord insertion; badminton racket

Question 69

What is a velamentous insertion?

Answer 69

umbilical cord attaches to membranes

Question 70

Velamentous insertion risks?

Answer 70

vasa previa (vessels near internal os)

Question 71

True or False: A cord hematoma has a good prognosis

Answer 71

False; poor prognosis (50%)

Question 72

What is funic presentation?

Answer 72

umbilical cord presents in the cervix

Question 73

Which vessels provide the maternal blood supply to the placenta?

Answer 73

spiral arteries