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OB/GYN > The Placenta and Umbilical Cord > Flashcards

The Placenta and Umbilical Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

growth, development, and maturation of a pregnancy

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2
Q

What is the placenta evaluated for?

A

size and shape, number, texture, location (relative to internal cervical os)

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3
Q

The placenta comes from?

A

The trophoblast becomes the chorion then the placenta

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4
Q

The outer trophoblast produces?

A

hCG

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5
Q

How does hCG contribute to pregnancy?

A

stops period by telling corpus luteum to thicken endo

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6
Q

The maternal side of the placenta is the?

A

basal layer

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7
Q

The fetal side of the placenta is the?

A

chorionic plate

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8
Q

Which part of the decidua does the chorion frondosum contact?

A

decidua basalis

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9
Q

The smooth chorion contacts?

A

decidua capsularis

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10
Q

What is a subchorionic hematoma?

A

bleed below chorionic cavity

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11
Q

What is ABS?

A

amniotic band syndrome; rupture of amnion causing bands that can wrap around or attach to fetal parts

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12
Q

ABS can lead to?

A

constrictures, deformations (clefts), amputations,

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13
Q

How do amniotic bands appear sonographicall?

A

thin and echogenic

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14
Q

What are amniotic sheets?

A

adhesions or fibrous scar tissue inside the myometrium

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15
Q

Amniotic sheets are also called?

A

amniotic folds or synechiae

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16
Q

True or False: Amniotic sheets can lead to fetal deformities

A

False

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17
Q

How can you determine whether or not there is an amniotic sheet?

A

color doppler (muscle will light up)

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18
Q

What can cause synechiae?

A

infection (STD), trauma, D&C

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19
Q

How do amniotic folds appear sonographically?

A

thick, echogenic, color flow

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20
Q

What are the main functions of the placenta?

A

source of nutrients, exchange of gases and waste products, hCG

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21
Q

The placenta should not exceed what thickness?

A

4 cm

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22
Q

A large placenta can be caused by?

A

diabetes

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23
Q

A small placenta can be caused by?

A

smoking

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24
Q

What is placental trophotropism?

A

when the uterus grows and the placenta “moves” with it; placenta does not actually move within cavity

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25
Q

What is the reason that placenta previa is not a concern in an early pregnancy scan?

A

placental trophotropism

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26
Q

What are the locations a placenta can have in a sagittal plane?

A

anterior, posterior, fundal, previa

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27
Q

What are the locations a placenta can have in a transverse plane?

A

anterior, posterior, right, left

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28
Q

A grade 2 placenta has?

A

basal linear echoes

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29
Q

A grade 3 placenta has?

A

prominent, calcified cotyledons

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30
Q

Most placentas are what grade?

31
Q

Most placental lesions are?

A

collections/ pools of blood

32
Q

What is a Breus mole?

A

a subchroionic hematoma larger than the GS

33
Q

When do Breus moles occur?

A

first trimester

34
Q

What is a circumvallate placenta?

A

The chorion and amnion fold over on the edge of placenta

35
Q

What is a bipartite placenta?

A

placenta is divided into two equal sized lobes connected by vessels

36
Q

A bipartite placenta is also called?

A

bilobed or bilobate

37
Q

What is a succenturiate placenta?

A

A smaller lobe attached to a larger lobe by vessels

38
Q

Succenturiate placenta is also called?

A

succenturiate lobe or accessory lobe

39
Q

What is placenta membranacea?

A

placenta is abnormally thin and wraps around large area of decidua

40
Q

Placenta membranacea is also called?

A

annular placenta or placenta diffusa

41
Q

Placenta membranacea is also called?

A

annular placenta or placenta diffusa

42
Q

What signals low lying placenta previa?

A

Edge is more then 2 cm away from internal os

43
Q

What signals marginal placenta previa?

A

Edge is less than 2 cm away from internal os

44
Q

What is partial placenta previa?

A

part of internal os is covered

45
Q

What is complete placenta previa?

A

bulk covers internal os entirely

46
Q

What is the cardinal symptom for placenta previa?

A

painless vaginal bleeding

47
Q

What is placental abruption?

A

Placenta detaches from uterine wall before delivery

48
Q

True or False: There is a risk of maternal and fetal death with placental abruption

49
Q

What is the cardinal symptom of placental abruption?

A

painful vaginal bleeding

50
Q

What are the three types of placental adherence?

A

accreta, increta, percreta

51
Q

What is placenta accreta?

A

chorionic villi penetrated decidua but not the myometrium

52
Q

What is placenta increta?

A

chorionic villi penetrates myometrium but not perimetrium

53
Q

What is placenta percreta?

A

chorionic villi penetrates perimetrium

54
Q

What is the most common placental tumor?

A

chorioangioma

55
Q

What is a chorioangioma?

A

benign vascular tumor of the placenta (think fibroid)

56
Q

A 3VC consists of?

A

one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries

57
Q

A 3VC consists of?

A

one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries

58
Q

A 2VC consists of?

A

One umbilical artery and vein

59
Q

True or False: A 2VC poses a fetal risk

A

False; normal variant

60
Q

A short umbilical cord is associated with what anomaly?

A

limb-body wall complex

61
Q

A long cord is associated with?

A

False and True knots; funic presentation

62
Q

What is a false knot?

A

folded loops with no complications

63
Q

What is a true knot?

A

obstruct blood flow ; fetal demise; cloverleaf sign

64
Q

What is cord prolapse?

A

loops of umbilical cord caught between vaginal wall and fetal head

65
Q

True or False: nuchal cord poses no complications

66
Q

What is umbilical vein thrombosis?

A

torsion, knotting, or compression of umbilical cord restricting blood flow

67
Q

What is battledore placenta?

A

umbilical cord is inserted at edge

68
Q

What is battledore placenta also called? What does it resemble?

A

marginal cord insertion; badminton racket

69
Q

What is a velamentous insertion?

A

umbilical cord attaches to membranes

70
Q

Velamentous insertion risks?

A

vasa previa (vessels near internal os)

71
Q

True or False: A cord hematoma has a good prognosis

A

False; poor prognosis (50%)

72
Q

What is funic presentation?

A

umbilical cord presents in the cervix

73
Q

Which vessels provide the maternal blood supply to the placenta?

A

spiral arteries

OB/GYN (13 decks)

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