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head and neck spot test > the pharynx > Flashcards

the pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

a muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the oesophagus

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2
Q

what are the three regions that the pharynx is divided into?

A

the nasopharynx
the oropharynx
the laryngopharynx

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3
Q

where does the nasopharynx lie?

A

posterior to the nasal cavities and above the soft palate

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4
Q

where does the oropharynx lie?

A

posterior to the mouth, between the soft palate and epiglottis

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5
Q

where does the laryngopharynx lie?

A

posterior to the larynx to blend w/ the oesophagus

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6
Q

where does the laryngopharynx blend w/ the oesophagus?

A

at around C6 vertebral level

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7
Q

what important feature is contained in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

the auditory tube (aka eustation tube)

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8
Q

what is the function of the eustation tube?

A

it communicates w/ the middle ear and allows air to pass between the pharynx and middle ear to equalise pressure either side of the tympanic membrane

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9
Q

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

roof: soft palate

floor: posterior third of the tongue, lingual tonsil and glossoepiglottic folds

anterior: mouth

posterior: C2/C3 level

lateral: palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds w/ palatine tonsil

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10
Q

which 2 muscles form the arches at the back of the mouth?

A

palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus

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11
Q

which 2 structures attach to the larynx?

A

the aryepiglottic fold and the thyrohyoid membrane

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12
Q

how many constrictor muscles are w/in the pharynx?

A

3

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13
Q

what does the superior constrictor form part of?

A

the nasopharynx and the oropharynx

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14
Q

describe the constrictor muscles

A

there are 2 parts to each constrictor muscle

there is a right and left side of the constrictors that meet in the posterior midline at a fibrous joining called a rafae

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15
Q

what are the functions of the constrictor muscles?

A

all of the constrictor muscles push the food bolus downwards but the superior constrictor also raises the pharyngeal wall and pull it forwards in the nasal cavities to close the nasopharynx and prevent food from passing towards the nose

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16
Q

explain the motor innervation to the constrictor muscles

A

all constrictor muscles are provided w/ motor innervation by the vagus nerve running in the pharyngeal plexus

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17
Q

what does the middle constrictor contribute to?

A

the wall of the oropharynx

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18
Q

what doses the inferior constrictor contribute to?

A

the laryngopharynx and completes the pharynx and joins the oesophagus

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19
Q

how does the inferior constrictor differ from the others?

A

it has muscular fibres that pass towards the midline in a similar fashion to the other constrictor muscles but also has fibres that are more circular in nature

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20
Q

what is the thyropharyngeal part of the inferior constrictor?

A

the fibres that pass towards the midline

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21
Q

what is the cricopharyngus part of the inferior constrictor?

A

the more circular fibres

22
Q

what is the function of the cricopharyngeus part of the inferior constrictor?

A

help close off the end of the pharynx to prevent air from passing into the oesophagus

23
Q

which nerve innervates all of the constrictor muscles?

A

the vagus nerve as it forms part of the pharyngeal plexus

24
Q

which branch of the vagus nerve innervates cricopharyngeus?

A

the external laryngeal branch

25
Q

in addition to the constrictor muscles what other muscles attach to the pharynx?

A

there are 3 longitudinally orientated muscles that attach to the pharynx

26
Q

what are the three longitudinal muscles that attach to the pharynx?

A

stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyneus
palatopharyngeus

27
Q

explain the innervation to the longitudinal muscles that attach to the pharynx

A

stylopharyngneus is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

the others are innervated by the pharyngeal plexus

28
Q

what is the function of stylopharyngeus?

A

it helps to elevate the pharynx to more effectively pull food into the pharynx and close off the nasopharynx

29
Q

what is the function of palatopharyngeus?

A

elevates the pharynx

30
Q

explain the act of swallowing

A

the food gets moulded by the tongue and the hard palate and then gets pushed to the back of the mouth to be swallowed

the soft palate is then raised and the pharynx elevated to ensure food passes away from the nasopharynx

the larynx is raised and the epiglottis passively bends over the larynx as the bolus of food passes it

the ayerepiglottic folds move together to ensure food passes into the laryngopharynx and not the larynx

31
Q

what nerve passes through the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

the superior laryngeal nerve

32
Q

what nerve passes between the oesophagus and trachea and then inferior to the inferior constrictor of the pharynx?

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerve

33
Q

where does general sensory innervation to the pharynx come from?

A

the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
the glossopharyngeal nerve
the vagus nerve

34
Q

which 2 cranial nerves contribute to the pharyngeal plexus?

A

CN 9 and 10

35
Q

what does the pharyngeal plexus supply?

A

the pharynx

36
Q

describe the arterial supply to the pharynx

A

the upper regions of the pharynx are supplied from branches of the maxillary artery (greater palatine and pharyngeal) and the ascending branch of the ascending carotid artery

37
Q

describe the venous drainage of the pharynx

A

the pharyngeal veins form a plexus that communicates w/ the facial and internal jugular veins

38
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the pharynx

A

lymph drains to retropharyngeal and paratracheal nodes and then to deep cervical nodes

39
Q

what are the preverterbal muscles?

A

longus coli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capital lateralis

40
Q

what is the function of longus capitis?

A

acts to flex the head on the neck

41
Q

what is the innervation of longus capitis?

A

anterior rami of C1-C3

42
Q

what is the function of longs coli?

A

acts to flex the neck and inferior oblique fibres allow rotation of the neck

43
Q

what is the innervation of longus coli?

A

anterior rami of C2-C6

44
Q

what is the function of rectus capitis anterior and laterals?

A

flex the atlantooccipital join

45
Q

what is the innervate of rectus capitis anterior and laterals?

A

anterior rami of C1

46
Q

where does the sympathetic chain pass from / to?

A

from the base of the head to the ganglion impar on the coccyx

47
Q

what is the function of the sympathetic ganglia?

A

allow sympathetic innervation to spread beyond T1 to L1, L2 levels

48
Q

describe the superior cervical ganglion

A

it is a large ganglion that gives fibres that wrap around the neck and carotid arteries to supply the structures in the head

it contributes to the pharyngeal plexus and to the cardiac plexus

49
Q

which cervical ganglion forms the ansa subclavia?

A

the middle cervical ganglion

50
Q

where does the ansa subclavia lie?

A

it is a loop around the subclavian artery

51
Q

where is the stellate ganglion (T1 ganglion) found?

A

in the inferior cervical ganglion

head and neck spot test (18 decks)

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