The Pelvis

Question 1

Pelvic Inlet

Answer 1

Things going in

Question 2

Pelvic Outlet

Answer 2

Things going out

Question 3

Greater Pelvis

Answer 3

False Pelvis

Basically the entire thing

Question 4

Lesser Pelvis

Answer 4

True Pelvis

The hole inside

Question 5

Pelvic joints

Answer 5

Sacroiliac
Lumbosacral
Sacrococcygeal
Pubic Symphysis

Question 6

Pelvic ligaments

Answer 6

Sacrotuberous - from ischial tuberosity to sacrum

Sacrospinous

Question 7

Sex differences in Pelvic Inlet

Answer 7

Male = longer with oval at top and point at bottom
Female = broader and shorter, more oval/rounded

Question 8

Sex differences in Pelvic Outlet

Answer 8

Male = thinner 
Female = same as inlet, rounded and broader

Question 9

Piriformis

Answer 9

Passes through greater sciatic foramen
Posterior muscle
Bed for sacral plexus

Question 10

Piriformis Origin

Answer 10

2nd thru 4th sacral segments, greater sciatic notch and sacrotuberous ligament

Question 11

Pririformis Insertion

Answer 11

Greater trochanter of femur

Question 12

Piriformis Action

Answer 12

Rotates thigh laterally, abducts thigh, holds femur in acetabulum

Question 13

Piriformis Innervation

Answer 13

Anterior rami of S1 and S2

Piriformis nerves

Question 14

Obturator Internus

Answer 14

Passes through lesser sciatic foramen
Lateral muscle
Lined by the obturator intenus membrane
Obturator membrane forms the tendinous arch, medially

Question 15

Obturator Internus Origin

Answer 15

Pelvic surface of ilium and ischium, obturator membrane

Question 16

Obturator Internus Insertion

Answer 16

Greater trochanter of femur

Question 17

Obturator Internus Action

Answer 17

Rotates thigh laterally, holds femur in acetabulum

Question 18

Obturator Internus Innervation

Answer 18

Nerve to obtertor intenus (L5, S1, S2)

Question 19

Coccygeal Muscle Origin

Answer 19

Ischial spine

Question 20

Coccygeal Muscle Insertion

Answer 20

Inferior end of sacrum

Question 21

Coccygeal Muscle Action

Answer 21

Supports pelvic viscera; flexes coccyx

Question 22

Coccygeal Muscle Innervation

Answer 22

Branches of S4 to S5 nerves

Question 23

Levator Ani Muscles

Answer 23

Puborectalis
pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus

Question 24

Levator Ani Muscles Origin

Answer 24

Body of pubis, tendinous arch of levator ani, ischial spine

Question 25

Levator Ani Muscles Insertion

Answer 25

Perineal body, coccyx, anococcygeal ligament, walls of prostate, vagina, rectum, anal canal

Question 26

Levator Ani Muscles Action

Answer 26

Suports pelvic viscera, resists increases in intra-abdominal pressure

Question 27

Levator Ani Muscles Innervation

Answer 27

Nerve to levator ani (S4), inferior rectal nerve, coccygeal plexus

Question 28

Pelvic Nerves

Answer 28

``` Lumbosacral Trunk (L4, L5) Obturator Nerve (L2-L4) Accessory Obturator Nerve (L3, L4) Sacral Plexus (L4-S4) ```

Question 29

Sacral Plexus

Answer 29

``` Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3) Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4) Superior Gluteal (L4-S1) Inferior Gluteal (L5-S2) ```

Question 30

Sciatic Nerve

Answer 30

(L4 to S3) – articular branches to hip joint and muscular branches to flexors of knee and all muscles in leg and foot  Anterior and posterior divisions  Exits via the greater sciatic foramen

Question 31

Pudendal Nerve

Answer 31

(S2 to S4) – structures n perineum, sensory to genitalia, muscular branches to perineal muscles, sphincter urethrae, and external anal sphincter, wraps around sacrospinal ligament  Anterior division only  Exits via greater sciatic foramen  Enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen

Question 32

Superior Gluteal Nerve

Answer 32

(L4 to S1) – gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia latae  Posterior division  Exits via greater sciatic foramen

Question 33

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

Answer 33

(L5 to S2) – Gluteus maximus  Posterior division  Exits via greater sciatic foramen

Question 34

Sympathetics

Answer 34

actively maintain homeostasis, converge at ganglion impar at the end of the sympathetic trunk  Arise from T11 to L2 spinal segments  Pass through sympathetic chain  Then through lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves  Synapse in inferior mesenteric ganglion  Postsynaptics travel through superior hypogastric plexus, hypogastric nerves, and/or inferior hypogastric plexus  Follow pelvic arteries to target organs

Question 35

Parasympathetics

Answer 35

rest and digest, urination, defecation  Arise from S2 to S4 (pelvic splanchnics)  Ascend mainly through inferior and superior hypogastric plexuses  Follow arteries to target organs  Synapse in ganglia in organ/gut plexuses  Reach targets via short postsynaptic fibers

Question 36

Common Iliac splits into

Answer 36

Internal and External Iliac

Question 37

Internal Iliac splits into

Answer 37

Anterior and Posterior Divisions

Question 38

Anterior Division

Answer 38

``` Umbilical Obturator Inferior Vesicular --> Prostatic Middle Rectal Internal Pudendal Inferior Gluteal Uterine --> Vaginal ```

Question 39

Posterior Division

Answer 39

Iliolumbar Lateral Sacral Superior Gluteal

Question 40

Urinary System

Answer 40

o Functions to transport urine from kidneys to bladder, store urine and excrete urine - micturition

Question 41

Ureters

Answer 41

o Male = Ductus deferens rests btw ureters and perineum o Female = Pass medial to uterine arteries’ origin o Innervation = autonomic plexus (renal, aortic, superior and inferior hypogastric)

Question 42

Bladder is composed of

Answer 42

``` Apex Fundus Body Neck Trigone Bladder Walls ```

Question 43

Trigone

Answer 43

triangle formed by the two ureteric orifices and the urethral opening

Question 44

Female Urethra

Answer 44

 Muscle of bladder neck is continuous with urethra  The urethra descends anterior to the vagina  Urine exits via separate external orifice

Question 45

Male Urethra

Answer 45

 Muscle of bladder neck is continuous with prostate fibromuscular tissue forming an involuntary internal urethral sphincter which prevents semen from entering the bladder  Much longer and more complex urethra than in females  Composed of 4 parts • Preprostatic • Prostatic • Membranous • Spongy

Question 46

Ovaries

Answer 46

glands that house and release ova and hormoens

Question 47

Uterine Tubes

Answer 47

``` composed of 4 parts (fallopian – where fertilization takes place)  Isthmus – narrowing  Ampulla  Infundibulum  Fimbriae – wave the eggs in ```

Question 48

Uterus

Answer 48

Composed of body and cervix

Question 49

Suporting structures of uterus

Answer 49

Ovarian ligament Round ligament Broad Ligament

Question 50

Vagine

Answer 50

a muscular tube from the cervix to the vestuble, found posterior to the urethra and bladder and anterior to the anus and rectum

Question 51

Innervation of Vagina

Answer 51

 Compressed by several muscles including the external urethral sphincter and bulbospongiosus muscles  Innervated by deep perineal branch of pudendal (lower ¼) and autonomics (upper ¼)

Question 52

Seminal Vesciels

Answer 52

Ejaculatory ducts, part of semen secrete alkaline element to help it survive environment in female reproductive system

Question 53

Ejaculatory Ducts

Answer 53

two, formed by the joining of the seminal vesicle duct and the ductus deferens converging on the seminal colliculus of the prostatic urethra

Question 54

Prostate

Answer 54

also helps make food and habitable environment for sperm as they search for egg in reproductive tract of female • Parasympathetic fibers of the prostatic nerve plexus form the nerves that allow erection of the penis, during prostate removal these fibers are often resected causing impotency

Question 55

Bulbourethral Glands

Answer 55

clean tube preejaculation, it is the fluid that comes out before ejaculation, not part of sperm